Abstract
This paper looks at special needs students in the classroom, focusing specifically on Down syndrome. The paper examines the history of Down syndrome and its common symptoms. The paper further examines how the state of California deals with special needs in the classroom, and methods from teachers that can help lead students with Down syndrome to success.

From the Paper
"Down's syndrome is named after Langdon Down, an Englishman, who described its multiple characteristics in 1866. It is caused by chromosome abnormalities; typically the cause is an additional chromosome, Chromosome 21, occurring three times instead of two. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal aberration, and it occurs in appropriately one in every eight hundred live births. One important factor that can increase the possibility of Down syndrome is the age of the parents, as "the incidence of Down's syndrome being around 10 per 10,000 live births for women under 28 and around 470 per 10,000 live births for women over 40 years" (Farrell, 2003, p. 53). Young mothers (15-19 years of age) are also more likely to have a child with Down syndrome."

Tags:down, syndrome, education

Abstract
This paper examines the developmental aspects of Down syndrome as they relate to early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood for individuals with this disease.

From the Paper
"According to an article by Rebecca Saenz, published in American Family Physician, Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic syndromes, occurring in one of ... to ... live births. Individuals with Down syndrome have IQs ranging from ... to more than ... with the mean being approximately ... Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are prone to heart defects as well as a low resistance to respiratory infections. Until the discovery of antibiotics, most people with DS died of pneumonia before reaching adulthood. In less than a..."

Tags:Developmental aspects of down syndrome, early childhood intervention, community involvement, adult onset, Alzheimer's disease, pneumonia, physical characteristics, congenital heart failure, obesity and

Abstract
The topic of this paper is nutritional/vitamin therapies for children with Down Syndrome. It is argued in the paper that there are three problems in this regard. The writer notes that the first problem is that there has not been enough study concerning this matter. Further, the writer points out that the second problem is that there is no evidence that these therapies work and the final problem is side effects.

From the Paper
"Children with Down syndrome experience a wide range of health problems. According to Terry J. Hassold and David Patterson in 'Down Syndrome A Promising Future, Together', children with Down syndrome can experience, "congenital problems ranging from cataracts, heart disease and anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract as well as a predisposition to get infections". Because children with Down syndrome have such a wide range of health problems there has been a lot of interest in finding ways to improve their quality of life. The idea of using nutritional/vitamin therapy for children with Down syndrome has been an area of interest for a number of years."

Tags:down, syndrome, vitamins

Abstract
This paper reviews research articles on children with Down syndrome and their parents. The articles focus on the complex challenges Down Syndrome presents, particularly the difficulties in raising disabled children. The paper also discusses the complexity of development delays. The paper concludes with a look at resources and coping strategies for parents.

Tags:Down's syndrome, typical children, research studies, parents

Abstract
This paper looks at Down Syndrome. Named after English physician, John Langdon Down, this is a congenital condition characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects. It is the most common chromosomal abnormality of a generalized syndrome and is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It looks at how doctors, scientists, and researchers continue to explore the causes, effects, and treatment of Down Syndrome, and how, with the technological advances in the field of modern genetics, researchers are beginning to isolate individual genes in order to study their specific functions.

Outline
Introduction
Causes of Down Syndrome
Genetic Mechanisms for Down Syndrome
The Symptoms of Down Syndrome
Case Study
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In order to fully understand the medical causes of Down Syndrome, a clear knowledge on the genetic basis of the disorder is required. During the fertilization stage, sperm and eggs cells are created through different processes called meiosis in which each pair of chromosomes splits or disjoins from each other which causes each daughter cell to receive only one chromosome from the original pair. Before they are fully developed, reproductive cells start out with 46 chromosomes, but as they mature, meiosis reduces their chromosome count to twenty-three. Thus, at conception, the sperm and egg each contain 23 chromosomes, being half the usual number; however, errors in chromosomal division during meiosis are very common."

Tags:chromosome, meiosis, genetics, mental, retardation

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact on the family with a Down syndrome child. It specifically focuses on the impact on the other children in the family unit. The paper analyzes various articles that discuss the issues that families face and also analyzes the prevalence of Down syndrome. It looks at intervention strategies for children with Down syndrome, as well as transitioning intervention and how these can be assessed.

Table of Contents:
Impact
Impact
Intervention
Assessment Of Intervention
Assessment Of Intervention
Transitioning Intervention: From High School To Life After High School
Prevalence Of Medical Conditions Linked To Down Syndrome, And Interventions Into Those Conditions
Prevalence Of Down Syndrome
Three Research-able Questions That Support And Strengthen The Evidence For Intervention Strategies Presented In This Paper

From the Paper
"Also, integrated screening (combining the results of tests in the first and second-trimesters) has also proved to be valuable in terms of detection of DS during pregnancy. The problem with integrated screening, the article points out, is that there is quite a period of time from the initiation of the testing until completion. But the larger question is, what is a woman to do if indeed her baby has a mis-matched chromosome count? If it is caught early enough, would she consider an abortion? That is a moral and personal privacy issue, of course, but it is worth consideration given the issues that arise for a family with a DS child."
"If a pregnant woman is screened properly during her first-trimester, and that test indicates that she is at "increased risk" of aneuploidy she should then be offered genetic counselling as an intervention, the article explains; and she should have the option of CVS (chroionic villus sampling) or at least second-trimester amniocentesis should be offered."

Tags:CVS, intervention, chromosome

Abstract
The paper begins by explaining that Down syndrome occurs when a person inherits three copies of a chromosome rather than the normal compliment of two and this presence of an extra set of genes leads to abnormalities. The paper discusses health problems and features common to the condition as well as the physical characteristics of children with Down Syndrome. The paper also relates that although the risk increases with increasing maternal age, most infants with Down syndrome are born to mothers of typical childbearing age. The paper concludes that most persons with Down syndrome function within communities, often with minimal support, for many years of adult life.

From the Paper
"Every child with Down's syndrome will possess some level of learning disorder, ranging from severe to very mild mental retardation, however the majority will learn to walk, talk, read and write (Murphy pp). Roughly 40 percent of infants born with Down's will have some sort of heart defect, such as a hole in the heart (Murphy pp). There can also be problems regulating their temperature, which can cause very dry skin, and moreover, weak a immune system is common in these infants, making them prone to infections, especially chest and sinus infections (Murphy pp). Down's children generally have chubby faces with protruding eyes and tongues, eyes that slant outward and upward, ears that are smaller than normal, and the back of their head is flat (Murphy pp)."

Tags:abnormalities, genes, retardation, special, needs

Abstract
This paper explores how Down Syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality, which is accompanied by both serious physical and mental developmental problems. It is one of the most common genetic syndromes. It examines how, although it is impossible to completely prevent the occurrence of Down Syndrome, there are several methods that are meant to assist in the efforts to prevent as many occurrences as possible, such as genetic counselling. It also discusses how Down Syndrome children can be raised in a normal family setting and go to regular schools.

From the Paper
"Although it is impossible to completely prevent the occurrence of Down syndrome, there are several methods which are meant to assist in the efforts to prevent as many occurrences as possible. The first efforts made by a genetic counselor in the prevention of Down syndrome is to make sure that the couple is aware that the chances of conceiving a child with Down syndrome increases with age. According to Carson-DeWitt, the chances of conceiving a child with Down syndrome is approximately on in 4,000 during the younger childbearing years. When the woman reaches 35 years old, the risk has increased to one in 400, a very significant leap. By the age of 40 the risk is approximately one in 110, and by the age of 45 the chances are about one in 35. Although men with Down syndrome are almost always sterile, women can often bear children. The chances of a woman with Down syndrome passing the disorder on to her child is approximately fifty percent. Usually, couples who have had one child with Down syndrome are not any more likely to have another child with Down syndrome than any other woman of the same age."

Tags:mosaic, genetic, disorder, school

Abstract
This paper discusses the condition of obesity in people with Down Syndrome. The author reviews existing literature which shows a positive correlation between Down syndrome and obesity as a coexisting condition, but concludes that there have been too few studies to identify the causes that result in the onset of obesity among such intellectually disabled patients. The paper suggests that the advancements in genomic science and stem cell therapy would aid in curing this genetic disorder, but til then, weight management interventions should constitute an important aspect in the management of Down syndrome.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Role of Leptin (the breakthrough)
Metabolic studies
Obesity Screening And Health promotion Impact
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Some researchers have focused on identifying the relation between Down syndrome and obesity as a co existing condition. Studies have been conducted to identify the differences in metabolic rates between the Down syndrome patients and the healthy population. The most recent research has thrown new light in understanding the relation between Down syndrome and obesity. The identification of Leptin resistance as the cause for high incidence of obesity among Down syndrome patients is considered a breakthrough in the obesity -Down syndrome research. A brief overview of existing literature on the subject will provide better insight into the topic and a better understanding of the association between the two conditions."

Tags:chromosomal, disorders

Abstract
This paper explores the medical condition known as Down Syndrome, describing it as a congenital state characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects, especially in the realms of physical manifestations. The paper discusses Down Syndrome through a case study of nine-year-old Brittany who was born with the most common features and defects associated with the disorder. The paper explains how, as a child afflicted with Down Syndrome, Brittany has learned to cope with her disability and blend in with the rest of her family and with society.

From the Paper
"A number of abnormal events or mistakes can occur during meiosis that can radically affect the growth and development of the embryo. Some of these mistakes can lead to Down Syndrome which "usually results from what is called non-disjunction or a failure of one pair of chromosomes to separate evenly during meiosis" (Lubec, 1999, 178). In non-disjunction, one daughter cell receives 24 chromosomes and the other cell 22 which cannot survive and cannot be fertilized, due to missing an entire chromosome. When this occurs, the resulting fertilized egg has 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. This is often referred to as a trisomy (three chromosomes), and in Down Syndrome, it is the number 21 chromosome that does not separate properly. Most specialists and researchers today refer to this as Trisomy 21, another term for Down Syndrome."

Tags:chromosomes, genetics, retardation