Abstract
This paper looks at special needs students in the classroom, focusing specifically on Down syndrome. The paper examines the history of Down syndrome and its common symptoms. The paper further examines how the state of California deals with special needs in the classroom, and methods from teachers that can help lead students with Down syndrome to success.

From the Paper
"Down's syndrome is named after Langdon Down, an Englishman, who described its multiple characteristics in 1866. It is caused by chromosome abnormalities; typically the cause is an additional chromosome, Chromosome 21, occurring three times instead of two. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal aberration, and it occurs in appropriately one in every eight hundred live births. One important factor that can increase the possibility of Down syndrome is the age of the parents, as "the incidence of Down's syndrome being around 10 per 10,000 live births for women under 28 and around 470 per 10,000 live births for women over 40 years" (Farrell, 2003, p. 53). Young mothers (15-19 years of age) are also more likely to have a child with Down syndrome."

Tags:down, syndrome, education

Abstract
This paper reviews research articles on children with Down syndrome and their parents. The articles focus on the complex challenges Down Syndrome presents, particularly the difficulties in raising disabled children. The paper also discusses the complexity of development delays. The paper concludes with a look at resources and coping strategies for parents.

Tags:Down's syndrome, typical children, research studies, parents

Abstract
This paper examines the developmental aspects of Down syndrome as they relate to early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood for individuals with this disease.

From the Paper
"According to an article by Rebecca Saenz, published in American Family Physician, Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic syndromes, occurring in one of ... to ... live births. Individuals with Down syndrome have IQs ranging from ... to more than ... with the mean being approximately ... Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are prone to heart defects as well as a low resistance to respiratory infections. Until the discovery of antibiotics, most people with DS died of pneumonia before reaching adulthood. In less than a..."

Tags:Developmental aspects of down syndrome, early childhood intervention, community involvement, adult onset, Alzheimer's disease, pneumonia, physical characteristics, congenital heart failure, obesity and

Abstract
This analysis examines how all of the stylistic elements of "Down With Love" were successful in depicting a film of the 1960's. The remainder of the paper focuses on how the films' cinematography, editing choices, setting and acting all contribute to the narrative.

From the Paper
"Barbara Novak, (Renee Zellweger), is a "naive" beauty from Maine. She comes to New York to promote the release of her book, Down with Love. Barbara's book suggests that women separate their feelings of love with the physical act of sex. This will in turn empower the woman to take charge of her life and her career. However, Barbara does not promote abstinence. She promotes women having sex with whomever they want or "sex a la carte," as long as there is no love involved.
"Barbara's editor and new best friend, Viki Hiller, (Sharon Paulson) tries to give unknown Barbara much needed press by getting her a cover story in Know, the largest selling men's Magazine. However Know's star reporter, "lady's man, man's man, and man about town" Catcher Block, (Ewan McGregor), refuses to interview Barbara. He's never even heard of her."

Tags:peyton reed, down with love, mise-en-scene, renee zelweger, ewan mcgregor

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of challenges in transitioning from a top-down organization into a team oriented organization. It includes leadership responsibility, persuading resistant managers, assisting them in changing their working style, and implications of the change.

From the Paper
"Creating a team environment does not entirely obliterate hierarchy. Even parliamentary bodies of equals choose a chairperson and even in informal groups we often find a leader ..."

Tags:management, leadership, top-down, team

Abstract
The topic of this paper is nutritional/vitamin therapies for children with Down Syndrome. It is argued in the paper that there are three problems in this regard. The writer notes that the first problem is that there has not been enough study concerning this matter. Further, the writer points out that the second problem is that there is no evidence that these therapies work and the final problem is side effects.

From the Paper
"Children with Down syndrome experience a wide range of health problems. According to Terry J. Hassold and David Patterson in 'Down Syndrome A Promising Future, Together', children with Down syndrome can experience, "congenital problems ranging from cataracts, heart disease and anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract as well as a predisposition to get infections". Because children with Down syndrome have such a wide range of health problems there has been a lot of interest in finding ways to improve their quality of life. The idea of using nutritional/vitamin therapy for children with Down syndrome has been an area of interest for a number of years."

Tags:down, syndrome, vitamins

Abstract
This paper looks at Down Syndrome. Named after English physician, John Langdon Down, this is a congenital condition characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects. It is the most common chromosomal abnormality of a generalized syndrome and is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It looks at how doctors, scientists, and researchers continue to explore the causes, effects, and treatment of Down Syndrome, and how, with the technological advances in the field of modern genetics, researchers are beginning to isolate individual genes in order to study their specific functions.

Outline
Introduction
Causes of Down Syndrome
Genetic Mechanisms for Down Syndrome
The Symptoms of Down Syndrome
Case Study
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In order to fully understand the medical causes of Down Syndrome, a clear knowledge on the genetic basis of the disorder is required. During the fertilization stage, sperm and eggs cells are created through different processes called meiosis in which each pair of chromosomes splits or disjoins from each other which causes each daughter cell to receive only one chromosome from the original pair. Before they are fully developed, reproductive cells start out with 46 chromosomes, but as they mature, meiosis reduces their chromosome count to twenty-three. Thus, at conception, the sperm and egg each contain 23 chromosomes, being half the usual number; however, errors in chromosomal division during meiosis are very common."

Tags:chromosome, meiosis, genetics, mental, retardation

Abstract
This paper looks at significant media attention that men who are down low, a term used on closeted gay and bisexual men, have gained due to the increasing rate of HIV infection among black women. Some of these men who have sex with other men have girlfriends and spouses who are unaware of the double lives these men lead. The paper reviews a book written by J.L King, which provides readers with a firsthand account and understanding of the lives and lifestyles of closet black homosexuals. The author explains that men on the down low mask their homosexuality as society and religion frowns upon gays. The paper next discusses the effect of these men living in deception as well as clinical and therapy methods that would aid these individuals to cope with their lives and problems.

Outline:
King's View on Down Low
Professionals, Researchers, and Studies on Down Low
Effect of being on the Down Low
Causes of Homosexuality
The Role of the Church
What the Bible has to say on Homosexuality
Clinical Strategy
Notes
Works Cited

From the Paper
"He believes that many of the bisexual men opt not to divulge their sexual preferences for fear of negative consequences that such admittance would likely cause. Numerous people are homophobic. Gays and lesbians are ridiculed by the society and it is not a widely accepted behavior in the prevailing social and religious norms. These factors contribute to men being on the down low. King further stresses that down low men's sense of self is associated with his ability to express masculinity and fulfill the traditional gender expectation assigned to men in general."

Tags:homosexuality, bisexuality, therapy

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact on the family with a Down syndrome child. It specifically focuses on the impact on the other children in the family unit. The paper analyzes various articles that discuss the issues that families face and also analyzes the prevalence of Down syndrome. It looks at intervention strategies for children with Down syndrome, as well as transitioning intervention and how these can be assessed.

Table of Contents:
Impact
Impact
Intervention
Assessment Of Intervention
Assessment Of Intervention
Transitioning Intervention: From High School To Life After High School
Prevalence Of Medical Conditions Linked To Down Syndrome, And Interventions Into Those Conditions
Prevalence Of Down Syndrome
Three Research-able Questions That Support And Strengthen The Evidence For Intervention Strategies Presented In This Paper

From the Paper
"Also, integrated screening (combining the results of tests in the first and second-trimesters) has also proved to be valuable in terms of detection of DS during pregnancy. The problem with integrated screening, the article points out, is that there is quite a period of time from the initiation of the testing until completion. But the larger question is, what is a woman to do if indeed her baby has a mis-matched chromosome count? If it is caught early enough, would she consider an abortion? That is a moral and personal privacy issue, of course, but it is worth consideration given the issues that arise for a family with a DS child."
"If a pregnant woman is screened properly during her first-trimester, and that test indicates that she is at "increased risk" of aneuploidy she should then be offered genetic counselling as an intervention, the article explains; and she should have the option of CVS (chroionic villus sampling) or at least second-trimester amniocentesis should be offered."

Tags:CVS, intervention, chromosome

Abstract
A paper which identifies the stress placed on families of children with Down's Syndrome. It identifies the stressors specifically identified with having a Down's Syndrome child in contrast to the normal stresses associated with parenting a normal child. The study determines whether the parents of Down's Syndrome children experience greater levels, more frequent or more chronic stress symptoms than parents of normal children. The study examines the effects of poverty on both the parents of normal and Down's Syndrome Children. The study examines the effects that these stresses are likely to have on the family and outcomes of the handicapped child. It focuses on the stresses associated with families of low socio-economic status who have Down's Syndrome children. The author offers suggestions as to the types of programs, which may be helpful to improving the outcomes for both the children and their families. It offers suggestions as to how to help these families gain better access to education and services tailored to their specific needs.

From the Paper
"Many factors have been shown to affect the ability of the family to adapt to changes and stress, such as the birth of a handicapped child. Research by Flaherty (2000) investigated adjustment in mothers and fathers rearing children with Down s syndrome. He compared families who had a Down s syndrome child by birth with families who had knowingly adopted a child with Down s syndrome. He surmised that the families who adopted children with Down s Syndrome were more likely to be well-adjusted. Actual results, however, demonstrated that birth mothers and fathers were functioning quite similarly to adoptive mothers and fathers on the outcome variables. Overall, birth as well as adoptive families appeared to be adjusting well to the challenges of rearing a child with Down syndrome. (Flaherty, 2000). This study would lead us to believe that stresses are the same whether the situation was a surprise or expected."

Tags:socio-economic, status, Early, childhood, Intervention, Programs, handicap