Abstract
This paper discusses the term 'double bind', first introduced by Gregory Bateson et al in their work entitled, "Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia". The paper explains that a double-bind describes a contradiction of sorts, especially between familial relations, and characteristically communicates a negative tone towards the subject or victim. The paper attempts to offers a more informed perspective on Bateson's double-bind theory in order to provide insight as to how people use language in order to communicate order(s) and tone. The paper uses MLA style footnotes and in-text citation but does not include a works cited page.

From the Paper
"A double bind has three basic requirements: a first order (premise 1), a second order (premise 2), and a conclusive tone (conclusion). In the aforementioned example, the premise 1 is "go ahead, criticize me," the premise 2 is "strongly hints," and the conclusion is that "all effective criticism...will be very unwelcome." It should be noted that the second order or the premise 2 does not have to be a verbal command/order, but can be communicated in any sort of linguistic communication (by gestures, tones, and the like). This is the basic formula for a double bind, which is can obviously be seen as a part of daily interaction between people. "

Tags:order, Gregory, Bateson

Abstract
This paper explains that Harry Sylvester's "I Won't Do No Dive" represents the cultural phenomenon of the fixing of boxing matches, which is commonly told in sports-themed literature and Hollywood screen plays. The author points out that, even the incorrect phrasing of the term, "I won't do no dive", is a deliberate double-negative, familiar as both the text of a boxer who won't deliberately lose a match and as a double-negative that resonates of the poor English of a boxer growing up in a rough area and enduring many battles in his attempted climb to the top. The paper relates that match fixing provides for an interesting literary device by creating a complicated dilemma, which underscores the importance of honesty and competition in sport and how the corruption of these mottos commonly debases it.

From the Paper
"The era in which the story was written (the 1930s) also has literary implications, as we witness the rough-and-tumble surrounds of a struggling boxer in the earlier part of the twentieth century. The characters speak in the incorrect English of a rough area in a bygone era - which is not specified, but his again is a good literary device: we romanticize the era and the place, perhaps imagining a rough, no-holds-barred Brooklyn, where even the rough, down-on-their-luck crowd have dreams of boxing and making it big."

Tags:dilemma, double-negative, mobsters, engaging, language

Abstract
This paper states that the clear-cut agenda of the United States in Lebanon is to have a Lebanese government, which is pro-U.S. rather than pro-Syria; therefore, it wants the Syrian forces to withdraw immediately from the country. The author points out that the neo-cons in Washington are known to have deep links with the Israelis (particularly the Likud Party) and are committed to furthering their aims. The paper concludes that the U.S. has completely disregarded Syria's vehement denials of its involvement and, rather surprisingly , ignored the suggestion that Al-Qaeda may be behind the killings because of Hariri's well-known ties to the Saudi monarchy.

Table of Contents
Background
Creation of Lebanon
Changing Demographics
The Civil War (1975-1990)
The Current Crisis
What is the Real US Policy in Lebanon?
Pro-US Government in Lebanon
Israeli Wish-List for Lebanon
The Neo-con Agenda
Does Syria Gain from the Hariri Assassination?
The US Accusation against Syria: A Political Ploy?
Double Standards
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The current escalating political crisis in Lebanon was precipitated by the crude Syrian maneuver last year to pressurise the Lebanese Parliament into amending the Lebanese constitution in order to extend the term of the pro-Syrian President Emile Lahoud. The move was widely condemned internationally, in particular by the United States. The moral outrage shown by the United States, however, was more than a little ironic, given the fact that it had attempted an equally dubious move in 1958 to extend the term of the pro-American president Camille Chamoun."

Tags:withdraw, withdraw, hariri, syrian, double-standards

From the Paper
"The Savings and Loan Crisis and Double Dipping
This paper will discuss federal tax policy as it affected the savings and loan crisis during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Specifically, the paper will examine the problem of "double dipping," whereby savings and loan institutions were allowed to deduct losses which were reimbursed, tax free, by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ("FSLIC"). The first part of the paper will discuss the origins of the crisis and provide an overview of the tax treatment of the losses. The second part of the paper will examine in more detail the special provisions of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. The third part of the paper will discuss some of the legislative responses to double dipping since the 1981 Act. The fourth part of the paper will examine the issue of the retroactivity of the..."

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the morality of the George Bush administration. The writer looks at classic texts to garner a sense of what political morality should be about and then holds the administration of Bush against the measurement to illustrate the lack of morality and the fact that it failed to promote the happiness of the United States people. In addition, the author explores the negative impact that was felt by other nations under the watchful lack of morality by the Bush administration.

From the Paper
"Bush showed himself to be lacking ethics and morals in many of the decisions he made and that lack of ethics or morals created an atmosphere of unhappiness in the American public that elected him to office. "For an evangelical Christian, George W. Bush does not seem to have a well-developed sense of sin--at least as far as the nation is concerned. In his speech, President Bush expressed a far-reaching commitment to "liberty" and "the force of human freedom" in the world--values that most Americans, religions or not, would readily affirm. The president has often rightly acknowledged that "freedom" is a gift from God, not the possession of any nation. But his remarkable speech announced that the role of deciding if, when, and where freedom will be defended belongs to the United States of America; America is on a religious mission to protect freedom, and George Bush is freedom's vicar.""

Tags:contradictions, double, standards, limitations, powerful, nation, defend, freedom, cause

Abstract
This paper discusses how human cultures exhibit wide variation in social norms in the realm of sexual expression despite some general common threads that typically equate male promiscuity with high social status while penalizing most aspects of sexual expression in females. In particular, it looks at how the sexual revolution in the United States in the second half of the 20th century did achieve meaningful changes in American sexual mores, but to a large extent, the gender-based sexual double standard as pertains to the morality of sexual expression have remained essentially unchanged. Males are still encouraged and socially rewarded for sexual conquests while females are subject to intensely negative social criticism for the same behavior.

Outline:
Introduction
Traditional Western Sexual Morality
The Sexual Revolution
Persistence of the Gender-Based Sexual Double Standard in the United States
Negative Social Consequences of Gender-Based Moral Values
Understanding Gender-Based Sexual Moral Values
Considering the Social Benefits of Establishing Uniform Sexual Moral Values
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Ironically, this association between alcohol and social relations between the genders actually conflicts with the desire of females to comply with prevailing sexual mores to restrict themselves, as much as possible, to sexual relationships with a component of emotional intimacy. Ultimately, members of both genders learn through repeated experience that alcohol is virtually a prerequisite for engaging in social activities involving both genders to such a degree that many individuals in the prime of life become almost incapable of approaching (or responding to) members of the opposite sex in social situations without the benefit of alcohol (Kasl, 1997; Levant, 1997). Unfortunately, this component of American social mores only exacerbates the predatory nature of social overtures initiated by men and increases the vulnerability of the female to their advances."

Tags:gender, expression, promiscuity

Abstract
This paper first defines anti-hero and its uses in film. It then discusses Billy Wilder's characterizations of the classic anti-hero in four movies: "Double Indemnity", "Ace in The Hole", "Sunset Boulevard", and "Stalag 17". The author repeatedly shows how Wilder develops characters that have depth and are able to embody both positive and negative qualities.

From the Paper
"Wilder's anti-heroes range from murders to debt collector avoiders and each one is unique. These four films are built around a great anti-hero and the mess that surrounds their mega personalities. Wilder's characters show a fascinating balance of good and bad that make the audience root for the character and sit on the edge of their seat, waiting for the next crazy shenanigan the anti-hero will get in and most likely out of. The anti-hero is a refreshing breath of air in a film industry full of over emphasized heroes."

Tags:movies, film

Abstract
This paper explains that each story of Sandra Cisneros' "Woman Hollering Creek" is a lesson in introspection. By using an approach similar to Anton Chekhov, Cisneros uses reflection to create a better life for her double minority Hispanic women. The author points out that Cisneros blends realism and anti-realism throughout her writings, which is an affective approach to obtain an objective outlook. The paper relates that, by showing just what may be needed to endure and overcome thus creating a better life, Cisneros uses Hemingway's theme of endurance and, in a style similar to Franz Kafka's writings, uses negative aspects of her characters and their situations to remove this image from her readers.

From the Paper
"Cisneros' story "Eleven" uses expression through anti-realism more than many of her other works. Using the idealism of an eleven year old child, she projects the childlike belief that life will flow smoothly and be nearly perfect when adulthood is obtained. The antithesis of this ideal belief is that circumstances and scenarios change but the same situations can and do arise in adulthood along with the same feelings of inadequacy experienced by a child. Cisneros uses age progression to relate the theme of her story in much the same way that Hemmingway used age digression in some of his writings. Telling the story of embarrassment from the point of view of a child is an effective way to gain sympathy for the character and identity for the reader. The setting of a classroom is an excellent symbol for American society. While school is supposed to be a great equalizer to children just as our contemporary society is viewed as a racial and gender equalizer, in actuality both fall far short."

Tags:anti-realism, isolation, trapped, descriptions, message

Abstract
In light of the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria and the ensuing difficulties of treatment for the medical community, patients are expanding their treatment options to include more nontraditional techniques. This paper examines how Manuka honey, a honey produced in New Zealand, offers the possibility of an effective alternative treatment for H. Pylori infection and wound infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The resistance of the traditional medical establishment to nontraditional treatment methods has meant that quantitative, evidence-based studies into the effectiveness of Manuka honey are not common. This paper presents a randomized, double-blind, controlled study that investigates the effectiveness of Manuka honey treatment for H. Pylori and antibiotic-resistant organisms such as MRSA and gram-negative bacteria.

From the Paper
"Not long after penicillin was introduced for the treatment of a variety of infections, the first strains of penicillin-resistant bacteria began to appear. The nature of the bacterial lifecycle made them more capable of rapid evolution to respond to antibiotics. Bacteria reproduce so quickly (usually on the order of a few hours) that any mutations introduced are rapidly propagated through the generations. When a chance mutation enables a bacterium to resist antibiotics, this bacterium survives and quickly replicates, passing this resistant mutation on to subsequent generations. The problem is made more severe when doctors prescribe antibiotics more as a treatment of psychological complaints than genuine bacterial infections. To further complicate the issue of antibiotic resistance, patients sometimes do not finish a course of antibiotics. Assuming they're well and the infection has been cured, patients may stop a course of treatment prematurely. This results in the less hardy bacteria being killed off, while the more resistant bacteria remain to reinfect, and reinfect more virulently."

Tags:penicillin, bacteria, resistance

Abstract
This paper provides two responses to issues concerning social communications and mass media relations. In this first response, the essay considers the role of 'double-think' in the suggestion that "negative ecstasy is the pleasure enjoyed in regressive thinking." In the second paper of this essay, Chomsky's "Manufacturing Consent" is discussed with relation to capitalism and mass media.