Abstract
This is a writeup of chemistry experiments in synthesis, decomposition, single displacement and double displacement reactions with explanations of materials, methods and results. Discusses the procedures of the experiment.

From the Paper
"Each chemical equation represents a specific chemical reaction and identifies the reactants and products. Reactants appear on the left side of the equation and products on the right side separated by an arrow indicating the direction in which the reaction takes place. Equations must be balanced to be correct meaning the same number of each kind of atom must appear on each side of the equation. For example, when iron rusts it combines with oxygen to form a new compound iron oxide Fe O and..."

Tags:synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement

Abstract
This paper describes double lung transplants and then outlines briefly the manners in which the transplant is to be survived considering the factors working against the individual.

Tags:double, lung, transplants

Abstract
This paper describes the elements of film noir as they are expressed in the opening scene of Billy Wilder's classic tale of adultery, corruption and murder, "Double Indemnity." The analysis discusses various elements of film noir, including camera angle, non-linear plot, lighting, setting, and characterization.

From the Paper
"Few films fit the number of characteristics of film noir as does Billy Wilder's study of the femme fatale in the Hollywood classic, "Double Indemnity". More of a tone or mood of filmmaking at the time, "Double Indemnity"'s opening scene reflects many of the characteristics that would become associated with the eventual genre known as film noir. These include a non-linear plot told in flashback with multiple twists and turns, dark and dimly lit interiors, night scenes of the dark brooding city and..."

Tags:insurance, femme fatale, protagonist, cynicism, double entendre, evil, human nature, film noir

Abstract
This paper discusses that as neighborhoods change, some residents leave willingly to find a better home, others leave because they no longer wish to live in a neighborhood that may have been decimated by drugs and crime as the more affluent people moved out and those from a lower economic position move in. The author points out that Latinos are particularly vulnerable to displacement, one way or another, by the flight of European Americans to the suburbs; nonetheless, sometimes Latinos who are high on the economic ladder who are among the first to leave. The paper relates that redeveloping these neighborhoods is often accomplished through gentrification, which, unfortunately, often drives housing prices up, displacing great numbers of residents particularly Latinos, who can no longer afford to live where they had settled.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Chicago/West Town Studies
Latino Displacement
Gentrification in General

From the Paper
"Hudspeth specifically considered West Town in a 2003 case study. She noted that "what has happened in West Town is almost a 'textbook case' of the gentrification process...West Town was a low-income Latino neighborhood in the 1960s and 1970s." Gentrification began in the late 1970s, a the area attracted artists, and middle and upper income professionals as well as historic preservationists; most of these people were white, not Latino. Perhaps what is most interesting about the Hudspeth study is that it seems to ratify Betancur's conclusions: it is the better off Latinos who exit first. West Town lost 1,180 of its existing families between 1990 and 2000. At the same time, it gained 2,088 non-poor families."

Tags:rental, crime, chicago, nyc, speculation

Abstract
The legal concept of "Double Jeopardy" is a rather simple one to define and to understand; but .application of the Double Jeopardy standard is anything but easy or simple. The paper describes Double Jeopardy as a limitation in court proceedings that the same person cannot be tried for the same crime twice, regardless of the verdict or outcome of the first trial. But, as with all legal procedures and rules of order, there are exceptions to the rule. The paper shows that in cases where new evidence is found that can demonstrate a person's innocence, a trial is considered warranted because the outcome could not adversely affect the person already convicted. If, however, the new evidence could prove an already determined innocent person guilty, then Double Jeopardy rules start being applicable. The paper concludes that Double Jeopardy actively prevents multiple prosecutions and overlapping punishments for the same crime.

From the Paper
"The key issue in our modern application of Double Jeopardy is whether or not it was intended to just limit the actions of the executive and judicial branches, or whether it was meant to include actions of the legislative branch. The Court's seeming unwillingness to decide if the Clause protects against legislative incursions upon Double Jeopardy values accounts for most of the confusion in Double Jeopardy jurisprudence. By this, it is meant that the Double Jeopardy Clause either does or does not limit Legislative ability to create new and additional punishments for the same crime. For example, does Double Jeopardy prevent Congress from making a law that allows for a person to be given additional punishments for every person secondarily affected by a murder (while current practice is to punish the crime itself, this hypothetical law would allow for the same crime's punishment to be based upon the number of people in the family and community directly affected by the crime and to add additional years of punishment)."

Tags:jurisprudence, Supreme, Court, O., J., Simpson, Ex, Parte, Lange

Abstract
This paper discusses the Fifth Amendment, double jeopardy clause and the double jeopardy rule in England. The papre relates that, recently, England scrapped the 800-year old law to allow retrial of those defendants that had been acquitted of serious felony offenses. This paper visits the case of Mr. William Dunlop for the crime of murder and discusses the outcome of the case in detail. Several cases are also explored pertaining to the double jeopardy clause in the Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution. These cases help explain how the double jeopardy clause is affected by caselaw from the United States Supreme Court and how that influences the double jeopardy clause. The presentation before the courts of both sides of the issue presenting a pro/con or for/against are also discussed in detail.


Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Body of Paper
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The prosecution can appeal prior to trial commencing (see Serfass v. United States, 420 U.S. 377 [1975]) where the judge has ordered the dismissal of the indictment against the defendant. The prosecution may appeal a ruling after jeopardy has attached itself to the proceedings but prior to the termination of the proceedings, so long as the trial did not produce a basis of innocence for the accused (see United States v. Scott, supra, 687). The prosecution may not appeal an acquittal. Even if the judge or jury order the acquittal, double jeopardy attaches itself after the acquittal has been established."

Tags:autrefois dunlop, supreme court, foundations mistrials

Abstract
This paper examines how the double jeopardy clause is part of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and categorically prohibits re-trial for the same offense. It looks at how the rule is aimed at restricting the powers of the government, protect the individuals from uncertainty about their fate, and encourage "finality" in the criminal justice system. It provides an overview of the double jeopardy clause and also includes an analysis of the clause aimed at deciphering its exact meaning and intent, differing interpretations of the rule by U.S. courts, and the pros and cons of the rule.

Outline
The Underlying Philosophy
Origins and History
Development and Scope
Contradictory Rulings
Pros and Cons of the Double Jeopardy Clause
What Should be Done?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The double jeopardy rule is said to have its origins in the controversy between the King of England, Henry II and Thomas Becket in the 12th century AD over the issue that clerics convicted in a religious court may not be punished again in the King's court. The maxim of "no man ought to be punished twice for the same offence" was in turn based on St Jerome's commentary in AD 391 on the prophet Nahum: "For God judges not twice for the same offence". Over the following centuries, legal theorists such as Englishmen Edward Coke and William Blackstone recognized the importance the "double jeopardy" principle. Specific prohibition of multiple trials for the same offense, however, was not enshrined in British law. Only in very special circumstances could a defendant plead prior conviction or acquittal to defeat the prosecution."

Tags:court, trial, constitution, criminal, justice

Abstract
This paper argues that, despite ambiguities, the provision of double jeopardy provides important protections against tyranny, harassment, and malicious prosecution. Furthermore, there are already adequate exceptions to the double jeopardy rule to ensure against criminals being able to take advantage of such "technicalities." Given these arguments, this paper maintains that the double jeopardy rule must continue to be upheld.

From the Paper
"The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution specifies a Double Jeopardy Clause. This clause expressly states that no person shall "be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb" (Constitution, Amendment V). This principle was enshrined expressly to protect individual citizens from excesses of the state or representatives of the government. The Fifth Amendment's provision regarding double jeopardy thus functions to protect individuals from harassment or tyranny by those in authority."

Tags:ammendment, criminal, court, prosecution

Abstract
This paper examines W.E.B Dubois literary piece "Double Consciousness" about the conflict focusing around the life of colored people and their struggle to live life bound by the intense realms of racial injustice in a prejudicial American society. It looks at how Dubois shows how blacks had to live their life on a day to day basis, thinking of themselves with a ?double consciousness.? In one consciousness, colored people looked at themselves with an allegiance and pride of their African culture and its traditions and in the other were coerced to look at themselves in the way that the dominant culture perceived them to be. It shows how Dubois uses such techniques like mighty phrases of repetition, symbolic structures and unique narrative tone in order to convey his concept of ?double consciousness? into the mind of the reader.

From the Paper
"Furthermore, Dubois utilizes more elements of structural devices that enrich his essay. In the third paragraph of Dubois? literary piece, his tone is quite unique in relaying a message to the reader. In this last paragraph, Dubois places no periods until nearly the end of the paragraph. Indeed, the author does this for it provides the structure of the essay with a unique rhythm that overwhelms the reader with a series of ideas and vital conceptions. The narrative technique here raises the tone of the literary piece while formulating tension and surprise, which coerces the reader to keep reading to see how this immense tension will resolve."

Tags:blacks, culture, prejudice, racism, society

Abstract
This research explores the hip hop culture and its identity. An overview of the current literature is given that reflects the theoretical position of Black culture in the United States. In addition a definition of hip hop and rap is provided, including a discussion of its origins and the current state this art form is in. The influence of the ghetto and hip hop culture is explored at length, as well as the lyrical content of the music. Commercialization of this unique music form is discussed, in addition to hip hop culture's tendency toward visualization as opposed to aural. Finally, hip hop as a global force is reviewed. In the end, it becomes clear that hip hop music is a significant influence on global culture, for Black and non-Black community members and this influence has been facilitated by technology and the drive of capitalism.
Introduction
The History of Hip Hop
Overview of Current Literature Regarding Hip Hop
Defining Hip Hop Culture
The Four Pillars of Hip Hop and Others
The Ghetto, Hip Hop Culture and the Divergent Styles of West Coast and East Coast
East Coast versus West Coast Conflict
Geographical Diversity of Hip Hop Today
Hip Hop and the Jail Culture
Graffiti as a Subversive and Sublime Cultural Arm of Hip Hop
African Americans and Spatial Mobility
The Ghetto Environment and its Effects on the Lyrical Content of Hip Hop
Examination of Lyrical Content in Gangsta Rap Songs
Discussion of Virulent and Caustic Language Within the Sub-Genre of Gangsta Rap
The Double Standard in the World of Gangsters as Demonstrated by Hip Hop
Hip Hop Culture and Misogyny
Hip Hop Culture and the Poetry of the Dispossessed
The Controversy About Selling Out and Hip Hop Culture
Representing the Ghetto
Hip Hop Culture and Sports Marketing
Hip Hop Sales Statistics and the Thug Image for Sales Controversy
Hip Hop as a Force in American Pop Culture and the Displacement of Other Genres of Music
Tastes and Decadence in Hip Hop Culture
The Hip Hop Culture and Political Influence
Hip Hop as a Global Force
References

From the Paper
"Although one may be led to believe that hip hop music is a recent evolution, it relates back to the griots of West Africa, from more than two hundred years ago. The griots were, and in some rural areas still are, storytellers, poets and traveling singers who played an important role in ancient African societies. They used poetry and rhythm to teach the people about their history, as written language was rarely used ("Griot").
One could even argue that hip hop music began even earlier than griots, stemming from the ancient societies of Egypt, as a rich, Black tradition of admiration for rhetoric in both written and spoken form. It is part of the Black rhetorical continuum, as it borrows from and expands a tradition of creative use of language styles and strategies. It was created as rhetoric of resistance primarily to racial discrimination and oppression (Kopano). "

Tags:gangster, african, american, music