Abstract
This paper discusses that 60 percent of athletes in high school and college sports use artificial supplements to gain weight mass and to become stronger faster. After his research, the author believes firmly that these supplements should be banned from athletics all together. The paper states that fans don't care as long as they are entertained and are having fun at games. Coaches just want their teams to be successful, which sometimes includes doing other forms of training or aids to help the athletes.

From the Paper
"According to this article, Creatine is a naturally occurring amino acid in everyone's body. It is taken to significantly enhance reserves in your muscle fuel tank, allowing you to work out longer and more intensely. Creatine monohydrate, the most common form of creatine, is commercially available as powder, gum, candy, tablets, and gel. It is available in pure form or combined with other dietary supplements (e.g. carbohydrates, amino acids, electrolytes, and/or herbal preparations). There is no evidence to show that it's anabolic--that is, that it's going to build muscle in and of itself. But it could lead to modest muscle gain because it allows you to work out harder. Androstenedione is a sex steroid hormone, which is converted in your body to testosterone."

Tags:safety, coaches, ban, testosterone, steroid

Abstract
This paper discusses an interview of a DEA agent and subsequent analyses, with particular reference to drug violence. The interview briefly touched upon violent themes, but the interviewee was given full latitude to discuss his job. In this analysis, the case is made that while the competitive aspect of the drug trade contributes to the violence surrounding the industry, perhaps the culture of violence in the Americas also plays a part.

From the Paper
"With his full permission, I interviewed a friend of mine who is an undercover DEA agent. He talked about how he has to "get into character" to play the role of a drug dealer or drug buyer. I asked him about other things he had to do while playing these roles. He mentioned that he has to..."

Tags:drug, violence, interview

Abstract
This paper discusses the reaction of the players' unions of the MLB, the NBA and the NFL with regards to policies for testing of steroids on professional athletes. It shows the difference between the Major League Baseball Players' Associations strong opposition to any anti-doping measures and the willingness of the National Football League Players' Association's willingness to comply with tougher steroid testing measures.

From the Paper
"Anti-Doping Measures and Professional Sports League Players' Unions Professional sports has become more competitive than ever before with many hopeful young men competing at the high school and collegiate levels with the dream of eventually becoming a professional athlete and enjoying all of the fame and fortune that their favorite sports heroes enjoy. However, because of the fierceness of the competition and the limited number of slots available on professional sports team rosters, most of these young men will never realize their dream and the ones who are fortunate enough to get a taste of that sweet dream know that it may be only momentary unless they manage to stay at the top of their game and ahead of the competition curve. The high level of vulnerability of professional athletic careers and the unrelenting competition may be what drives some professional athletes to seek to gain and edge by using steroids."

Tags:steroids, players', union

Abstract
In this paper the author begins by making a direct comparison to the American Hymn, Amazing Grace, and Jonathan Kozol's profoundly disturbing profile of the lives of the children of Mott Haven, in the South Bronx. The author moves on to examine Kozol's book in depth and his findings regarding the children of the South Bronx. He concludes by comparing the "Children of Plenty" with what he regards as the "throwaways," the children who he considers have nothing and no future.

From the paper:

"Like children everywhere, they vacillate between child-like innocence and alarmingly grown-up insights; but this is not the suburban version of "growing up too fast;" they have seen junkies shooting up in the hallways of their buildings, gang members bagging dope and loading guns on the fire escape. Death is accepted as the passage to a better place."

Tags:Jonathan, Kozol, Mott, Haven, South, Bronx, Drugs, Victims, AIDS, Prostitution, School

Abstract
This paper examines the record of the state sponsored Olympic program of East Germany. The author describes the administration of the program by the Secret Police.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the record of the state-sponsored Olympics program of East Germany also called the German Democratic Republic DDR in German from ... through the fall of the Berlin Wall in ... . The plan of the research will be to set forth ..."

Tags:East, Germany, Olympic, Games, Anabolic, Steroids, Manfred, Ewald

Abstract
This paper discusses how Sildenafil, or Viagra, has been gaining popularity among athletes to enhance their athletic performance. The paper explains the mechanisms involved in exercise and outlines the effects of Viagra on exercise, lung capacity and hemodynamics. The paper also explores the physiologic effects of Viagra and its therapeutic uses and shows why the banning and testing of Viagra is a complex issue. The paper is of the opinion that the drug's potential as a doping agent must not be ignored.

Outline:
Doping and the Popularity of Viagra as a Sports Supplement
The Physiology of Exercise
The Physiologic Effects of Viagra and its Therapeutic Uses
The Effects of Viagra on Exercise, Lung Capacity, and Hemodynamics
The Controversy of Viagra and Sports

From the Paper
"Throughout history, athletes of various sports such as bicycling, racing, sprinting, and weightlifting, have taken substances that help them enhance their performance and endurance. Initially, the practice of doping was an indiscreet secret, and is currently gaining much attention from authorities. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), doping is defined as the use or attempted use, or possession of a prohibited substance in order to enhance sports performance, but violates the spirit of the sport (WADA, 2008). There are numerous drugs that have been abused by athletes. Stimulants are known to increase alertness, competitiveness, and aggressiveness. Substances such as amphetamines and cocaine are used as a sports supplement to enhance the athlete's endurances, sharpen reflexes, and reduce tiredness (FIFA.com, 2008)."

Tags:cardiovascular, system, exercise, lung, capacity, hemodynamics, doping, endurance, testosterone

Abstract
This paper explores various themes of controversy surrounding the Olympic Games, including commercialization, technological performance enhancers, and doping. In the case of commercialization, the paper explains that since modern revival of the Olympics, organizers have found difficulty in collecting necessary funds, making commercialization into one of the most enduring controversies in Olympic history. The paper asserts that the Olympics will never be able to live up to the ideal of its creator, judging from its past record of controversy; it seems as though the possibility of a peaceful, fair and cooperative sporting event has been eclipsed by motivations of money, political agendas, and personal greed. The paper concludes that only if drastic changes are made by the International Olympic Committee, governments, and individuals, will the Olympics ever succeed in one of their primary goals to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example, and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.

From the Paper
"Performance enhancement has also tainted the purity of the Olympic Games. At the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Ben Johnson won the gold medal in world-record time of 9.79 seconds. Two days later, Canadian Olympic officials received a letter from the IOC stating that Johnson had failed his urine test. Later that day, a second test confirmed traces of the banned steroid stanozolol (CBC). According to Richard Pound, head of the World Anti-Doping Agency, "Antidoping is now the most important issue we face" (Saporito). WADA identified record 25 athletes using performance enhancing drugs at the Athens Olympics (Saporito). New substances are being introduced that attempt to give athletes the same edge without being detected."

Tags:commercialization, steroids, doping, sports, performance, enhancer

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of mental training, technology and doping as methods of improving and/or maintaining peak performance in sports. It is concluded that all of these enhance and maintain peak performance but doping should be avoided.

From the Paper
"Ryska has noted that increasingly, levels of competitiveness and high levels of commitment to mastery have focused attention on ways to improve and maintain peak performance in sports participation. Many strategies and methods have been developed for improving and maintaining performance, some of which are perfectly appropriate, such as mental training and the use of technology, and some of which are inappropriate and dangerous, such as doping, This paper discusses the use of these three methods of improving and/or maintaining peak performance in..."

Tags:sports performance enhancement, training

Abstract
A transistor is a device used for controlling one electrical signal with another. The name "transistor" came from combining the words "transfer" and "resistor" and the name tells how the device works. This paper describes one type of transistor called a Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET), which is made by building layers on top of each other and doping the semiconductor material to a profile. The paper includes diagrams and figures.

From the Paper
"While MESFET integrated circuits have become accepted in many high frequency applications, they have certain limitations. For power amplifiers used in digital systems it is important to have a linear signal - one that is not distorted or altered when amplified (RF Micro Devices, 2000). GaAs MESFET devices cannot meet the high linearity performance standards without sacrificing other performance standards. Also, GaAs MESFET amplifiers usually require both a positive and a negative power supply, which requires the inclusion of additional components or circuitry, which means an increase in the size and complexity of the device. Also, the linear structure of GaAs MESFET devices hinders the ability to shrink the device and so enhance manufacturing yields and reduce costs."

Tags:amphoteric, material, metallization, unipolar

Abstract
This paper reviews the debate surrounding the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. This paper explores three areas of controversy: the claims that marijuana is "dangerous and addictive," that marijuana is a "gateway" drug; and that decriminalization would lead to increased use.

From the Paper
"The Drug Enforcement Administration (Marijuana, the Facts, 2001) argues, among other things, that marijuana leads to crime. To support this assertion they claim that 40% of males arrested for crimes have marijuana in their blood at the time of arrest. However, this fact does not show any causal relationship. The same males may also have tested positive for alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine, but we do not claim these substances "cause" crime. Correlated information does not prove cause. The same source also states that THC content in marijuana has risen dramatically in recent years, thus, making it more dangerous. But this is really an argument for legislation to legalize. The THC content could be controlled, as alcohol is controlled in beer, wine, and whiskey, if marijuana were legal. Although the "drug warriors" claim that marijuana is "dangerous and addictive," no one has ever died from using it, and there is no known level where an overdose could happen. "

Tags:decriminalize, pot, trafficking, addicted, illegal, dope