Abstract
Organ donation is removing specific tissues of the human body for transplanting or grafting into another person. Both cadavers and living persons can be donors, but both also have to fulfill certain criterion in order to eligibly donate. This paper examines how bioethics, politics and personal issues have arisen in concern of organ donation.

From the Paper
"There is a waiting list for legal organs to be donated but for indeterminate lengths of time. The fear of literally dying while still waiting to be a recipient has pushed people to deal with the black market. The "black market organ donation" relies upon the ends justifying the means. This is discussed in teleological and utilitarian issues. Concern also focused on the imbalance of the trade because the market is for only those who can afford, therefore only gives chance for the well-off. The black market has been referred to as the transplant trade outside of the United States. Legalization of the international organ trade would lead to increased supply, lowering prices. Therefore the poor might be able to afford such organs as well."

Tags:bioethics, charity, living, wills

Abstract
This paper examines how the need for organs for transplantation and scientific study is constantly increasing. It also describes why it is important to explore the negative effects of the shortage of organs and how people can be persuaded to donate their organs after death. It looks at how although the percentage of potential organ donors is rising annually, new transplant procedures are widening the gap in supply and demand of organs. It evaluates how the shortage of organs can be decreased, however, if those willing to become organ donors discuss their wishes with their next of kin.

From the Paper
"The process of organ donation mainly starts at the hospital when a potential organ donor is identified. The only patients considered for organ donation are those which are pronounced brain dead. Brain death is defined as "the irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem (unknown)." Brain death can occur from causes such as brain hemorrhage, asphyxiation, drowning or motor vehicle accidents, which were responsible for the deaths of 25 percent of organ donors during 1994 and 1995. In extremely rare cases, however, organs can be transplanted from donors known as non-heartbeating, in which death must be declared by traditional criteria concerning cardiac death (unknown)."

Tags:transplantation, scientific, study, death, kin

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of embryo donation, which is related to a number of moral, legal, psychological and social implications. The paper relates that, in spite of these implications, embryo donation is, nevertheless, the only solution to incapability of producing cells in a few patients. This paper then sums up the symptoms for embryo donation as well as the process and contemplation in preparing both the donors and the recipients.

From the Paper
"Embryo donation is examined to be a sort of third party reproduction. In vitro fertilisation frequently results in a number of frozen, unused embryos after the woman for whom they were originally created has successfully supported one or more pregnancies to term. In embryo donation, these additional embryos are provided to other couples or women with the aim of causing a successful pregnancy. The child produced after following this entire process is supposed to be the child of the woman who takes it and gives birth, and not the child of the donor, the same as happens with egg donation or sperm donation."

Tags:screening, pregnancy, donation

Abstract
This paper analyzes the auspices of charitable donations in Canada's personal income taxation system. The paper is structured so that there is a general overview of the Canadian personal income taxation system, a thorough analysis of how charitable donations are treated, and a critical analysis of economic aspects of the regime.

From the Paper
"The tax system in Canada is a progressive tax system and is the case for many developed countries there are various regimes are structures embedded within the tax system to help maintain efficiency, has some redistributive mechanism, and tries to attain equity. This paper will analyze the auspices of charitable donations of Canada's personal income taxation system. The paper is structured so that there can be a general overview of the Canadian personal income taxation system, a thorough analysis of how charitable donations are treated, and a critical analysis of economic aspects of the regime. The paper will use the literature as well as the..."

Tags:charitable, donations, taxes

Abstract
This paper outlines a campaign to encourage organ donation, proposing a slogan and choosing Robert Redford as its spokesperson. Twelve concepts of psychology and physiology are selected upon which to base the campaign: self-fulfilling prophecy, schemata, halo effect, familiarity, Bandura's self-efficacy, self-affirmation, sociobiology, gender-differentiated expectations, compliance, Social Comparison Theory, Social Identity Theory, groupthink.

From the Paper
"A campaign to encourage organ donation must be thoughtfully designed to consider both key concepts of psychology and human motivation and the existing views and realities of organ donation prevalent throughout society. Any campaign intended to prompt people to undertake a specification must acknowledge and address motivational issues that might hinder them from proceeding with the action as well as motivational issues that would encourage them to do so. With respect to organ donation many individuals are torn wanting to give the gift of life ..."

Tags:organ donation, campaign, self-fulfilling prophecy, schemata, halo effect, familiarity, Bandura's self-efficacy, self-affirmation, sociobiology, gender-differentiated expectations, compliance, Social Comparison Theory, Social Identity Theory, groupthink

Abstract
The purpose of this essay will be to determine what ethical basis, if any, exists for the practice of organ donation. What is the ethical justification for these processes of consent? Part of the answer to this question lies in the manner in which we view the communities in which we live; a view which also entails a concept of justice and sense of moral obligation.

Tags:ethics, organ, donation

Abstract
While organ donations such as hearts, lungs and kidneys represent a potential life-saving gift for thousands of Americans each year, it remains unclear whether some information approaches increase the rate of organ donation more than other approaches. This paper proposes a study to examine whether or not knowledge-based or value expression-based approaches identified in survey research as positively related to organ donations are significant in field research. The paper also provides a background on the history of organ donation including its legal setting and policy issues.

Outline:
Background
History of Organ Transplantation
History of End-State Renal Failure and Dialysis
History of Blood, Semen and Other Fluids and Tissue Donations
Modern Organ Transplant History
Legal Setting
Policy Issues
Current Literature Review
Associated Policy Theories
What Motivates (or Deters) Organ Donation
Methodology
Data Used in the Study
Analysis
Using Census Data for Aggregate Attributes
Hypothesis and Regression Equation

From the Paper
"Two major advances in medical research and technology occurred in the 1970s. Cyclosporine was developed in the 1970s and approved for distribution in 1983 (Kaserman and Barnett, 2002). Cyclosporine inhibits the recipient's rejection response which increases long-term survival rates. The second medical advance solved the problem of maintaining organs in a viable state for a longer period or time once removed from the body. In the 1980s Dr. Starzl introduced a procedure for 'core cooling' that extended the viability of donor organs to allow time to excise and then transport donor organs to the host location (www.wikipedia.org). These two advances, cyclosporine and cooling technology for organ transportation, moved organ transplantation into the second level of scarcity, quasi-natural, as organs could now be transplanted based on organ matching criteria with non-living donors rather than on family relationship and living donors. In 2002, 76% to 94% of heart, liver, pancreas and kidney transplant recipients survived one year or more. (Kaserman and Barnett, 1998, Consumer's Research Magazine, p. 10; OPTN/SRTR 2002 Annual Report) "

Tags:kidney, renal, failure

Abstract
This paper looks at organ donation from the point of view of what is just for the donor and beneficial to the recipient. The paper relates that it was suggested that organ donations should somehow be connected with self-interest because altruism alone is failing to meet the demand for organs. The paper also relates that compensation for organ donations has been suggested but there are ethical considerations concerned with such compensation. These ethical concerns are then discussed and the paper concludes that it is important that the public is kept informed about the ethical issues, and shall be offered an opportunity to communicate their concerns.

From the Paper
"However, the availability of the cadaveric donors is expected to reduce the conditions which have caused surge in the living donations. The organ procurement system is based upon the presence of altruism, however the motivational programs which were initiated for the purpose of organ donation were not successful, therefore "altruism is a fine thing but it is in short supply", therefore it has been suggested that "we may hope for love but should plan on self-interest." It has been recommended that incentives scheme shall be launched to motivate the individuals towards donation."

Tags:cadaveric self-interest, financial compensation, moral intuitions, brain death

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that a solution proposed to the organ donor shortage is the commercialization of human body parts, and that this is a solution well worth investigation. The writer notes that in this increasingly commercial world it should come as no surprise that individuals are willing to pay for organ transplants. In fact, individuals do pay for organ transplants on a regular basis, but they do so in a manner that is currently against the law and frequently very dangerous. The writer discusses that through putting law and regulation in place individuals could receive organ transplants without leaving their own country, and donors from within the same country could receive monetary compensation for their organ donation, as well as proper medical after care. The writer concludes that if commercialized organ donation is what it will take to save lives and to prevent the exploitation of the less fortunate who are coerced into illegal and unsafe organ donation, then it should be considered a very viable solution.

From the Paper
"Due to the organ crisis, there is a rampant black market for organs, especially kidneys, that sees individuals in deprived, often third-world countries selling their organs to rich Westerners. There are a number of serious and medically dangerous issues associated with this growing trend, not least of which is the unsatisfactory care provided to the donors. Individuals who donate their organs usually do so for very small amounts of money and receive substandard health care following their donation. The doctors who perform these illicit operations are the ones who benefit financially, while the individual who purchased the organ usually survives much longer, but still may not receive the best after-care due to the illegal nature of the operation. The donors often experience a decrease in livelihood and standard of living as they develop medical conditions that prevent them from participating in the manual labour force that is usually the only available employment. Regardless of restrictions and laws against these black market transactions, they continue, and will continue, and almost understandably. Being faced with a life threatening condition and having the means to remedy the situation through the wielding of power and money would be an opportunity not easily turned down by many individuals."

Tags:transplants, body, black, market, compensation

Abstract
This paper compares the benefits of tissue donation versus organ donation. It explains that transplanted tissues offer advantages, including the alleviation of trauma and assisting individuals to see again, while also acting as a life-saving gesture. The writer discusses how tissue transplantation is more prevalent than organ transplantation because tissues can be conveniently conserved. They can be covered with ice and kept for use later on, since they need less blood supply than organs.

From the Paper
"Donated body organs like hearts and kidneys contribute to the saving of hundreds of lives each year. The fact is that bequeathed tissues like skin, bone and heart valves could remarkably enhance the value of life for the persons receiving them. A patient who is dead following a cardiac arrest i.e. whose heartbeat has stopped permanently cannot be an organ donor but can be a tissue donor. Though in case of tissue donation the urgency of restoring a life by donation of liver or heart is absent, yet it is no way less critical to bring back vision by the help of a donated cornea, avert the severing of a leg using a bone donated by somebody or brighten the odds of survival of a patient having sustained burn injuries by skin donation."

Tags:life, saving, organ, transplant