Abstract
The paper examines and compares Stuart Hall's arguments with those of Bill Freund and of Reinhard Bendix. The paper explores how the authors analyze the factors which made colonialism and wide-spread exploitation on continental scales possible. The paper shows how Bill Freund and Reinhard Bendix emphasize the chauvinistic European mind-set that Hall delves into at length in his work. The paper concludes that Hall's contention about European chauvinism is starkly illustrated by the available evidence.

From the Paper
"Hall begins his discussion by noting that one of the chief reasons that the early western explorers traveled in the direction of the New World was because they were seeking to find and to secure the fantastic wealth of the East (185). In this regard, Hall is somewhat like Freund who, as we shall see, argues that the evils of western imperialism derive from its exploitative economic relationship to the more impoverished territories of the world. However, Hall deviates from Freund in the sense that he does not focus wholly (or largely) upon economic factors which contributed - or which might have contributed - to western relations with the rest of the world; rather, his focus is upon the socio-cultural and anthropological distinctiveness of the west from other societies. With this in mind, "western" countries may be defined as those lands that are "developed, industrialized, urbanized, capitalist, secular, and modern" (Hall, 186)."

Tags:exploitation, colonialism, economy, domination, power, Age, of, Exploration

Abstract
The paper asserts that the European Union (EU) has captured the imagination of the world with its relative success at creating a viable and effective union out of formerly competitive countries who each sought some sort of dominance over the continent. The paper posits that the EU's success at executing and implementing its single currency, the Euro, is a model advocate for all regions considering a currency block as an economic solution to global competitiveness.

From the Paper
"The European Union (EU) has captured the imagination of the world with its relative success at creating a viable and effective union out of formerly competitive countries who each sought some sort of dominance over the continent. The EU's success at executing and implementing its single currency, the Euro, is a model advocate for all regions considering a currency block as an economic solution to global competitiveness. In fact, the EU's single currency, the Euro, is so strong that many analysts expect that, "The international role of the euro will probably equal (or exceed)...""

Tags:european, western, prosperity

Abstract
This paper explains that arguments in favor of Norway's full integration into the E.U. arose in 1972, 1994 and 2005; however, each time these initiatives failed. The author points out that the Norwegian lingering sense of isolationism, the craving to remain independent and autonomous in its political rule and decision-making process and perhaps even Norway's historical recollection of 400 years of foreign domination has prevented it from voting to seek full member into the European Union. The paper hypothesizes that, although it is impossible to predict the mood of the Norwegian voters, the author states with certainty that the world, not just Europe, appears to be moving towards a united world community with the E.U. playing a significant role.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
First Attempts to Join the EC
Norway's Economy
Norway and the EFTA
The 1980's: Conservative Governments Rule Norway
A Second Try to Join the EC, Now Called EU
Reasons for the "No"-Decision
Norway's Future: Is it Likely to Join?

From the Paper
"The Norwegians have a strong history of protectionism when it comes to their fishing industry and waters. Throughout different periods in its history, Norway and Russia have had to resolve differences and develop relationships that would facilitate the use of Norwegian waters and territories in the most northern part of that country that had historically been shared between the two countries. While the issues were, by 1991, seemingly resolved in an amicable and workable solution satisfying both countries, it serves to demonstrate Norway's tenacious protectionism of its coast and ..."

Tags:unification, efta, voters, protectionism, isolationism

Abstract
The paper relates that the civilian aircraft industry, in spite of its sheer domination by only two major competitors, Boeing and Airbus, is a hugely competitive industry with billions of dollars at stake annually. The paper reveals that Airbus alone experienced revenues in 2004/2005 of E22.3b while Boeing, for the same period, took in 55% of the total market value of passenger jet orders.

From the Paper
"The civilian aircraft industry, in spite of its sheer domination by only two major competitors, Boeing and Airbus, is a hugely competitive industry with billions of dollars at stake annually. Airbus alone experienced revenues in 2004/2005 of E22.3b while Boeing, for the same period, took in 55% of the total market value of passenger jet orders ("Airbus" pars.5-12). The increasingly open and fractured market across the European Union (EU) has also created a raft of opportunities for both these aircraft manufacturers to capitalize on. However, because of the market..."

Tags:eu, aircraft, industry

Abstract
The paper discusses how the National Basketball Association (NBA) has gone from being dominated by black Americans, to these players having stiff competition from Europeans from all over Europe. The paper explains why the NBA are attracted by European players and also shows how these European players have then influenced their basketball culture back in Europe. The paper illustrates how this sudden influx of European talent has caused the NBA to attempt to completely change its image and, with that change in image, the culture of basketball in America.

From the Paper
"Basketball has always been an American game and the National Basketball Association (NBA) has always been the most dominant league in the world. At the 1992 Summer Olympics, the United States were quite possibly the greatest basketball team ever assembled and the tournament was not even close. The United States destroyed every other team and claimed world basketball supremacy in a very dominant fashion. Since then, however, European nations have begun supplying more and more players to the NBA. The NBA has grown in popularity in Europe and this has caused the league to change quite a bit. European and American basketball cultures are quite different, as Europeans rely more on fundamental basketball like shooting and passing, rather than the highlight reel dunks and cross-over dribbles that NBA players like to use."

Tags:African, Americans, image, culture, play, defense, shooting, passing, dribbles

Abstract
The paper discusses how the European Union is one of the most dominant actors on the contemporary global stage whose role is only expected to grow. The paper explains how the European Union is not like a traditional power; it lacks its own armies, does not pursue a coordinated foreign policy and acts primarily in terms of its economic influence. The paper then shows how it uses this economic influence in a variety of ways that contribute strongly to a very real and powerful role in global affairs. The paper points out, however, that the overarching economic emphasis of the European project can have its negative side in terms of too much control, and a bland homogenization that threatens Europe's diverse cultures and those of other nations as well.

From the Paper
"The European Union is one of the most dominant actors on the contemporary global stage, and its role is only expected to grow. Yet, the European Union is often seen in terms different from that of the traditional superpower. Few foresee the emergence of the European Union as a military rival to the United States, Russia, China, or other powers. Instead, its increasing power is seen to be economic, cultural, and diplomatic. A united Europe will see its economic cloud spread across the planet. Its values will shape human and civil rights in both the developing and the developed worlds. Europe will be a leader in the "greening" of the world economy, a primary exponent of policy calculated to combat global warming and other pressing environmental issues."

Tags:economics, military, NATO, UN, corporations, global, warming

Abstract
The paper discusses how the issue of enlargement has been of central importance within the European Union (EU) in recent years. The paper describes how with the application of the Central Eastern European Countries (CEECs) - formerly members of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact - to join in the mid-1990s, both the scale and the pace of enlargement have become issues of public debate in Europe in general, and in the corridors of power in particular.

From the Paper
"The issue of enlargement has been of central importance within the European Union (EU) in recent years. With the application of the Central Eastern European Countries (CEECs) - formerly members of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact - to join in the mid-1990s, both the scale and the pace of enlargement have become issues of public debate in Europe in general, and in the corridors of power in particular. This opinion paper will explore this issue of enlargement, addressing both its negative and positive aspects. As will be argued, the process of..."

Tags:eu, enlargement, europe

Abstract
The paper relates that the doctrine of mercantilism is an economic theory that warns a country not to buy more than it sells. The paper first explains the implications of this theory and looks at the history of the doctrine in England. The paper then discusses how British mercantilist policies played a major part in the country's colonization in the New World, eventually leading up to the American Revolutionary War. Additionally, the paper explains how mercantilism is a competitive theory and why it was the most significant economic theory in European history.

Outline:
What this Economic Theory Does
Mercantilism as Europe's Dominant Economic Theory
British Mercantilism and the Colonization of America
Mercantilism and Territorial Expansion
Mercantilism as a Competitive Theory

From the Paper
"The doctrine of mercantilism was the most popularly accepted policy in Europe from the 16th through the 18th centuries. This economic theory was based on the well being of the nations concerned, and that was maximized with a steady and heavy supply of capital, which is fundamentally acquired by the services one country provides for another. The theory of mercantilism allows that exports are more valuable to a nation than imports, as exports produce pure capital from the selling of goods, and imports request capital in exchange for goods from another country. This doctrine is concerned with trade, and it virtually says that the economy of a given country will be better if they are able to sell more than what they buy."

Tags:trade, tariffs, imports, exports, capital, debt

Abstract
This paper begins by establishing the context and framework within which the doctrine of "essential facilities" operates, as part of the general principles of 'refusal to supply' market abuse by dominant undertakings under Article 82 of the competition law. The writer then analyses the precise nature of the relationship between the two through discussion of relevant case-law. The writer then considers the origins of the doctrine in EC competition law, which has been closely linked with the liberalisation of the transport and utilities sectors. Key criticisms of the doctrine are then considered, and finally relevant conclusions regarding its development are made.

From the Paper
"Following this, it may be seen that the general application of the refusal to supply principle is sufficient by itself to deal with this particular form of Article 82 abuse, and as such there is no need for a doctrine of essential facilities. It is clear that some commentators subscribe to this idea, whilst others disagree; Temple Lang for one considered that the notion of an essential facilities doctrine was of absolute necessity in facilitating competition in the telecommunications sector by providing access to the publicly owned infrastructure, where there existed no actual trade or access negotiation as a result of conferred monopoly rights. Additionally, the fact that the refusal to supply doctrine can be used in situations where the supply is not actually 'essential' because of the existence of alternate sources (but necessary to maintain effective competition) makes it appear sensible to have a somewhat separate principle that can be applied in those circumstances where access to a facility is fundamentally essential to an undertaking."

Tags:european, union, market, commercial, solvents, economic

Abstract
The paper looks at how Europe has had a long and hard fought history since the constant warfare that was part of the World War I and World War II. The paper discusses the initial problems with neighboring countries seeking to dominate other countries for their own purpose and how this was the major reason why the EU was created in order to stop these destructive disputes. The paper also describes how after World War I, Europe was in a constant state of devastation because of the dictators that sought to single-handedly dominate Europe.

Tags:eu, trade, currency