Abstract The paper examines and compares Stuart Hall's arguments with those of Bill Freund and of Reinhard Bendix. The paper explores how the authors analyze the factors which made colonialism and wide-spread exploitation on continental scales possible. The paper shows how Bill Freund and Reinhard Bendix emphasize the chauvinistic European mind-set that Hall delves into at length in his work. The paper concludes that Hall's contention about European chauvinism is starkly illustrated by the available evidence.
From the Paper "Hall begins his discussion by noting that one of the chief reasons that the early western explorers traveled in the direction of the New World was because they were seeking to find and to secure the fantastic wealth of the East (185). In this regard, Hall is somewhat like Freund who, as we shall see, argues that the evils of western imperialism derive from its exploitative economic relationship to the more impoverished territories of the world. However, Hall deviates from Freund in the sense that he does not focus wholly (or largely) upon economic factors which contributed - or which might have contributed - to western relations with the rest of the world; rather, his focus is upon the socio-cultural and anthropological distinctiveness of the west from other societies. With this in mind, "western" countries may be defined as those lands that are "developed, industrialized, urbanized, capitalist, secular, and modern" (Hall, 186)."
Abstract As an after effect of the Colonial period and as a result of interbreeding between visiting Europeans and the indigenous women of a new colony, a new race of people appeared. In this paper the author explores the predicament of these "hybrid or Metis populations. The paper examines the case of the Eurasians of India, (Anglo-Indians as they came to be known) who are the result of such unions and still identified as mixed-race and form a culturally composite community. The paper also takes a look at the French Metissage ("mixed-blood") population. The author examines each of these groupings and the relationships and attitudes of the dominant colonial population to them as well as the attitudes of the indigenous population to these new populations.
From the Paper "To find the opinion of other Africans is a nearly impossible task. For one, the group of people is so vast it would never have a collective opinion and would be ignorant to assume otherwise. Another issue is that there is little information written by Africans prior to the 20th century. Most writings stating African opinion are authored by citizens of the ruling nation, whose credibility to write about the sentiments of the Africans is highly suspect at best."
Tags: india, canada, european, colony, hybrid, traders, soldiers, mulatto, africa, france, england, metis
Abstract This paper begins by establishing the context and framework within which the doctrine of "essential facilities" operates, as part of the general principles of 'refusal to supply' market abuse by dominant undertakings under Article 82 of the competition law. The writer then analyses the precise nature of the relationship between the two through discussion of relevant case-law. The writer then considers the origins of the doctrine in EC competition law, which has been closely linked with the liberalisation of the transport and utilities sectors. Key criticisms of the doctrine are then considered, and finally relevant conclusions regarding its development are made.
From the Paper "Following this, it may be seen that the general application of the refusal to supply principle is sufficient by itself to deal with this particular form of Article 82 abuse, and as such there is no need for a doctrine of essential facilities. It is clear that some commentators subscribe to this idea, whilst others disagree; Temple Lang for one considered that the notion of an essential facilities doctrine was of absolute necessity in facilitating competition in the telecommunications sector by providing access to the publicly owned infrastructure, where there existed no actual trade or access negotiation as a result of conferred monopoly rights. Additionally, the fact that the refusal to supply doctrine can be used in situations where the supply is not actually 'essential' because of the existence of alternate sources (but necessary to maintain effective competition) makes it appear sensible to have a somewhat separate principle that can be applied in those circumstances where access to a facility is fundamentally essential to an undertaking."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the European Community. It describes the initial formation of the European Union from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) until the present. The author argues in favor of the necessity of European cooperation and describes the historical influences that have led to the current status of the European Union. Current issues within the EU are also discussed. The paper is well cited with 12 internet references.
From the Paper "For the most part the effects of WWII on the whole of Europe were both disastrous and expansive. After this Great War and consequent destruction it became the desire of many Europeans to ensure that an event such as WWII never again would tear Europe apart. In the beginning some, including Winston Churchill, were in favor of forming a European federation government similar in construct to the United States of America. As a result of this sentiment the Council of Europe was formed but remained largely restrictive."
Abstract This paper looks at the arrival of Europeans on North American shores with respect to the way that it affected the lifestyle of Native Americans. It focuses on the diseases introduced to North America by these Europeans. The paper begins by providing a background to the way of life of the Native Americans before the arrival of the Europeans. It then turns to the arrival of epidemics in North America, responsible for Native Americans suffering higher mortality rates than at any other time in human history. The most common diseases introduced to the "New World" at the time are discussed as are the affect these diseases had on the Native American mortality rate. The paper then turns to the way that the lifestyle of Native Americans was affected by these diseases. It speaks of the weakened ability to resist colonization and the Europeanization of Native American culture. It concludes by proposing the argument that the introduction of these epidemics was not accidental, and that they were intended to weaken the defenses of Native Americans against the colonizers.
From the Paper "In early America, when people of three continents came together, the Native Americans were dramatically affected by epidemics, suffering higher mortality rates than any other time in human history. (Geier, 1991) People from Latin America, North America and Europe merged, each carrying and introducing diseases indigenous to their own societies.
"When the Native Americans first encountered common European diseases like smallpox, measles and dysentery, millions died. In extreme cases, 90 percent of certain Indian tribes died as European epidemics swept through their villages."
Abstract This paper studies the historical underpinnings of the creation of the European Union. The paper first discusses the various movements and organizations developed in Western Europe, which led to the creation of the European Community (EC). Then the paper traces the issue back to post-World War II Europe and details the historical friction among European nations regarding a single European Union.
Tags:European integration, EEC, EC, Treaty of Rome, EFTA, WEU
Abstract The paper examines the role that the European Parliament plays, shaping and changing the nature of European international politics and affairs. Specifically, the paper argues that the European Parliament as the legislative institution of the European Union is emblematic of the dissolution of national sovereignty that is occurring in Europe that dramatically affects the way that nations interact with one another.
From the Paper "The development of the European Union over the last fifty years has been met with both criticism and praise. Some perceive the increased political integration as evidence of a new kind of political structure, one that globalization will continue to facilitate throughout the world. This imagined integrated political structure for Europe is nothing short of a new kind of community. Europe, arguably, is one of the most politically fragmented regions of the world when examined historically. Despite a common Western heritage, the nations of Europe have long been in conflict. The idea of a integrated, and perhaps even federalist, Europe would have seemed fully implausible even a few decades ago and was probably seen as nothing more than a fanciful dream when the foundations of the EU were laid down in the 1950s."
Abstract The paper presents the thesis that the changing nature of what it means to be a European citizen in the 21st century is connected to the continent's native birth rate crisis, which has forced many European nations to significantly increase their non-native immigration. The paper discusses how immigrants are now challenging the very nature of what it means to be European and transforming the nations of which the populations are now an integral part. The paper looks at the Turks in Germany and illustrates the challenges facing further evolution of European citizenship and the difficulty of achieving an effective solution.
From the Paper "The concept of citizenship, with its attendant rights and responsibilities, first grew up during the rise of the modern nation-state in 18th century Europe. A series of increasingly bloody continental wars in Europe created the impetus for a transformation of people's concepts of what citizenship entailed, or should entail. Through a long process of evolution, conflict, and compromise, today in the 21st century we find that concepts of what constitutes citizenship have changed along with the nations underlying that concept. This evolution has not taken place in a vacuum, but as a response or reaction to real historical situations and predicaments which current European Union policy attempts, in its way, to solve ("The European Citizenship" para 2.)"
Tags: birth, rate, traditional, sovereignty, nationhood, European, Union
Abstract This papers discusses the European Commission, the executive arm of the European Union. The paper describes the early history of the European Commission, its composition and how it is organized. The paper also explains the functions of the European Commission and also takes a brief look at some of the controversies related to the Commission.
Outline:
Early History and Composition
The Organization and its Working
Functions of the Commission
Controversies Related to the Commission
Works Cited
From the Paper "The European Commission is the executive arm of the European Union (EU). It is a supranational body that works independently from the control of individual national governments, and is responsible for proposing legislation to the European Parliament and Council, managing and implementing the decisions and policies of the EU as well as its budget, enforcing the European law, and representing the EU on the international stage. This research paper presents an overview of the European Commission including its early history, its composition, how it is organized, its functions and powers, besides taking a brief look at some of the controversies related to the Commission."
Abstract This paper describes the government of the European Union and the effects that changes therein have had on various elements of European society. Specifically, the paper address how multilevel governance in the European Union has affected the labor movement and labor unions, the environmental movement in Europe, as well as various sub-national and regional movements throughout the continent.
From the Paper "The European Union (EU) is an interesting historical case of the developments that have occurred to the institution of the nation state over the course of the twentieth century. What so few people, outside of academic circles, realize is that the nation state is not a natural organizational structure. It is simply one more historical construction that was developed over time. Benedict Anderson, in his historically relevant Imagined Communities, writes, "[N]ation-ness, as well as nationalism, are cultural artifacts of a particular kind. By this he means that nations, despite all that cultural ideology has whispered in our ears, are products of human creation. They are invented institutions, albeit exceptionally powerful ones, upon which international affairs has relied for several centuries."
Abstract This paper argues that European Unity was been born out of crisis. To prove this point two organizations are examined. The first organization is the European Community/European Union and the second is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
From the Paper "Many social, political and economic trends have emerged since the end of World War II. One of the most important of these trends since is the increasing level of European unity. Why would European unity increase after the Second World War? This essay will argue that the initial growth of European Unity was based on desires to avoid crisis and create a mutual line of defense from emerging threats. Two organizations will be examined in detail. The first is the European Community (EC) which is now known as the European Union (EU)."
Abstract A paper which introduces, discusses and analyzes the history, benefits, costs, and challenges of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the Euro. The paper also includes a critical assessment of the sources used.
From the Paper "On the other hand, the Internet resources tended to be much more biased and less reliable than the texts that were used. The Euro web site only presents the positive aspects of switching currencies, and the news reports tend to show the negatives of the switch. The texts were more balanced and uniform in their discussion, and in their handling of both positive and negative issues involved in the treaties, and with the Euro itself. Often it was not clear what background the Internet authors had to write about their topics, and sources used were mostly interviews, not written or scholarly sources. The Internet sources serve a purpose, but basing a report on those sources alone could bias the report if the writer did not recognize and overcome the bias."
Abstract Discusses the responses of Native Americans to the arrival of Europeans after 1492. Variety of responses of different Nations of Native Americans. Superiority attitude of Europeans. Focuses on encounters between several Native American Nations and the Spanish & English settlers. Diffeent approaches to colonization of the 2 countries. Destruction of Indian way of living.
From the Paper "The responses of the various nations of Native Americans to the arrival of Europeans after 1492, and the manner in which they subsequently dealt with their presence, varied widely from one group to another. Responses to the encounter depended on the cultural characteristics of the different nations, on the economic and political circumstances in which they found themselves, and, to a considerable extent, on the same factors as they applied to the particular groups of Europeans they encountered. Just as there was no uniform Indian response to the encounter there were also significant differences in the ways the Spanish, English, French, and others approached the peoples whose land they were intent on occupying. A brief comparison of various encounters between several Native American nations and..."
Abstract A book report about E.L. Jones' work on the historical economy of Europe, "The European Miracle". It explains the author's view of the European and Asian economies during the medieval, renaissance, and early modern eras, until the end of the Industrial Revolution. The book focuses on the ecological conditions (geography, weather, etc.) that made it possible for Europe to develop a technology-centered, multistate trade economy, as opposed to Asia's paradigmatic agrarian unified economy.
Abstract This paper provides an overview of what the EU is and why it attracts several countries. It then looks at the economies of different Eastern European countries and examines what changes they need to make to be accepted into the EU.
1 .Introduction
2. A Brief History
2.1. Introducing the CEEC
2.1.1.The Agricultural Issue
3. An EU Perspective
4. Funding Issues
5. Case Studies
5.1 Czech Republic
5.2 Hungary
5.3 Poland
5.4 Slovenia
6 The Argument Over Integration
7. Conclusion
8 Bibliography
From the Paper "The European Union faces many arduous tasks in upcoming years. The most troublesome possibly being that of enlarging the size and the scope of its members. Currently, it is in the discussion of the European Union to extend enlargement to central and Eastern Europe. Over the course of the next decade, the European Union will be propositioning some new candidates to join their ranks. The first group includes the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia; countries likely to join later are Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. The first countries are not expected to join until 2003-2005."
