Abstract
This essay reviews a text by Arat-Koc that explains changes in Canadian society towards female participation in the workforce, (as well as inadequate arrangements for child care, and how this has produced reliance on foreign domestic employees in the homes of those who are able to afford them. Arat-Koc estimates that the demand for domestic workers, often from Third World countries, will increase, and without careful examination of the conditions under which these women work or scrutiny of the implications of the temporary work visas under which they are admitted to Canada. Foreign workers continue to fill the gaps in the Canadian domestic sphere although there is need for clarification of their safety, working in relative isolation as they do, within private homes, and the likelihood of exploitation.)

Abstract
The paper provides a critical discussion of a 1994 compilation of essays on women's domestic and other menial work, by Wenona Giles & Arat-Koc. The paper discusses the strengths of a book but adds that its models are now outdated in terms of kinds of workers, ethnicity, and how educated women view proper careers or balances of work/domestic sphere. The paper also notes that the work does not mention the groups of labourers involved and the forces abroad that work to produce women seeing North American 'menial' work as desirable.

From the Paper
"Wenona Giles & Sedef Arat-Koc compiled seven articles by feminist scholars on women workers seen as `menial' in Canada, the United States and Britain. (1994) The volume is helpful if a reader does not know of the world of foreign cleaning women, child minders, hotel, retail or fast-food workers, their working conditions, pay or the manner in which some are exploited. The volume is limited in a stress on exploitation, occupational hardship, or matters of race, ethnicity and gender, as if women of certain kinds are forced to carry out jobs of the kind. Audrey Macklin's paper leads others in an explanation of groups entering Western countries as..."

Tags:giles, arat, k, maid in market place, review

Abstract
The paper discusses how many women in our society are abused in the domestic sphere, as well as suffer from a dependency on alcohol. The paper highlights how social institutions need to change in order for women to start having a greater sense of their own identity. The paper explains that this would be directly connected to lowering the chances of women being victims of domestic abuse and becoming dependent on drugs and alcohol.

From the Paper
"Today, many women in our society are abused in the domestic sphere, as well as suffer from a dependency on alcohol. For instance, one third of all alcoholics are women. In this context, it is important to point out that alcoholism has traditionally been seen as a greater shame for women than for men. Indeed, in the past, most women were in the home and that is why alcoholism was less likely to be identified in women. But overall, women were perceived to be more "moral" than men, and they were held up to a higher ideal. It is important to understand this cultural aspect, since it leads us to understand how a sociological perspective can ultimately help women who are victims of domestic violence and alcohol abuse."

Tags:gender, alcoholism, social, institutions, relationships, self-esteem, self-identity

Abstract
In this article, the writer expands on the belief that the most dominating aspect of family law is that it pertains to the domestic sphere. Further, the writer examines the repercussions of this domestic aspect of family law. The writer notes that one can see that the dominant aspect of Canadian family law with regard to both divorce and common law couples has changed. Moreover, this was also the dominant aspect with regard to the very nature of families, in that same-sex relationships have been legitimized to the full extent of the law. The writer points out that the last-mentioned change is certainly the most dramatic, setting Canada ahead of social trends in most countries, and illustrating perhaps most clearly of all how much Canadian family law has changed.

From the Paper
"Another aspect of family law that has been dominated by change has been the important sphere of divorce law. Boyd points out that at the beginning of the 20th century, people rarely divorced. However, a century later, divorce has become common-place. In fact, in many Canadian class rooms, there are more children from "broken" families than from intact families. As the century progressed, people became more willing to break their marriage vows and start over. Also, as divorce become more and more commonplace, people began to feel less guilt and failure about getting a divorce. Moreover, it is now a more secular time, and many people simply do not take their church vows as seriously. Canadian family law seems to have recognized this softening of social attitudes towards divorce, because it has made a series of changes to divorce law. Perhaps the most salient change has been that it has become much easier to obtain a divorce, particularly with the introduction of the concept of so-called "no-fault" divorce."

Tags:marriage, relations, couples, change

From the Paper
"Although they were written nearly thirty years apart, and deal with completely different periods in American history and American culture, Shirley Jackson's The Haunting of Hill House and Toni Morrison's Beloved share a distinctly feminine perspective on the nature of ghosts in the domestic sphere. In both novels, while female protagonists are haunted by female ghosts, the root of the disturbance is definitely a masculine, patriarchal one. This patriarchal evil, expressed through feminine supernatural phenomena, places constraints of domesticity and servitude not just on the victims of the ghosts, but on the ghosts as well. Furthermore, the constraints go beyond mere domesticity, but destroy the identity and the sanity of the antagonized woman in the process."

Tags:morrison, toni

Abstract
A discussion of Catherine Beecher's views in "A Treatise of Domestic Economy". This paper compares this author's views to the views of Sarah and Angelina Grimke on a woman's worth and rightful position in society.

From the Paper
"In "A Treatise on Domestic Economy" Catherine Beecher outlines her belief that women and men are equal through civil law and through God's law. Yet she maintains that society could not move forward if women did not willingly subordinate themselves to men; in attempting to make each sex equal with the other, both are degraded. Beecher wants to permit men to make political and social decisions for women."

Tags:God, religion, law, equality, gender, slavery, politics, equal work for equal pay, domestic sphere, utility, social contract, Adam and Eve

Abstract
This essay briefly explores the relationship between gender and space. Specifically, preconceived notions of privacy and safety in a bedroom and how this relationship is altered in the presence of domestic violence. Furthermore, how domestic violence in this space is portrayed in the public sphere. Sources are drawn from academia, current events and popular culture.

From the Paper
"Ideally, the bedroom should be a space of peace, a safe place as much as a respite from every day pressures. In a word, it should be a space of solace. But those close quarters within the confines of a dysfunctional domestic relationship, also present opportunities for cyclical abuse, violence, misogyny, and a general oppression. The trouble, lawmakers say, is trying to balance the interests of the victim with her privacy. This essay explores the relationship between gender and the bedroom and how domestic violence within this space changes the accepted notions of privacy and safety."

Tags:domestic, violence, space

Abstract
This paper argues that the appropriation of new technologies has had a great impact on the changing face of the female gender role. The paper uses the arguments presented by Ruth Schwartz Cowan in her article, "More Work For Mother" as a starting point to discuss domestic technologies from the early twentieth century to those of today. The paper also refers to an article and book written by Christine Frederick (1883-1970), one of the earliest women to merge the public sphere of business and the private sphere of the home as well as other scholarly articles dealing with the domestic sphere. The paper concludes that the literature demonstrates that, in the beginning bearing children was practically the main occupation of women, but as time progressed and medical advancements were made, this duty, instead of being an addition to a woman's resume, remains a headliner. Living in the 21st century most Americans no longer fully support the idea that we should divide labor by gender but the belief that women, not men, are primarily responsible for the care of the home is still not uncommon.

From the Paper
"In today's society being a homemaker has in many ways returned to what it originally was. Housewives of the 21st century are often of the middle to upper-middle class, enjoying nannies and maids. Those who aren't in this economic division but are sill homemakers also may rely on much of what Christine Frederick so strongly preached about, scientific home management. With busy schedules and constant activities housewives of today have a lot on their "to-do" lists. What I am finding as I begin to enter the career world is that there is a great divide between women who choose to stay at home and women who choose to pursue careers. It has now become a statement of self worth as if women who remain in domestic arenas have let down the grand progressive movements of feminist. "

Tags:domestic, homemaker, role

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as more and more women have entered the paid workforce, one might expect that men would take on an increasing share of the housework and childcare. The writer points out that after all, the rationale for women doing almost all of this used to be that the domestic sphere was their sphere, while the paid workforce outside of the home was the male sphere. As this is no longer the case, one could reasonably expect that men would be sharing housework and childcare equally. However, while there has been some change in this respect, the writer maintains that domestic labor is still regarded by many as "women's work," and men do not participate sufficiently. This paper reviews this unfortunate situation, and the reasons for it. It argues that the primary reason for this situation is that it derives from the fundamental structure of patriarchal, capitalist societies, so that the solution can lie in nothing less than a fundamental, radical restructuring of society.

From the Paper
"These are precisely the two major difficulties that face us in solving this riddle. For example, it would certainly seem that work in the domestic sphere and work in the paid labour force outside of the house are negatively correlated, in that the more hours one puts in at one workplace, the less hours one has available to put in at the other. It is a fact that women still work fewer hours per year, and as we noted above, it is a fact that they still do the lion's share of work in the domestic sphere. These two facts are clearly related, although in something of a chicken and egg way - and as Hou and Omwanda explain, we certainly cannot say that one factor causes the other, due to the possibility of multicausality. For example, we might need to look to religious, social or educational factors to account for the differences, as well. And even if we could say that this was the case for one woman, we could scarcely generalize to the entire population of women, particularly in a diverse country."

Tags:domestic, workplace, differences, male

Abstract
This paper explains how Harriet Beecher Stowe, in her famous novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" uses domestic ideology to advance female values to suggest that even if slavery may be sound business, it is an evil form of morality-and women are the espousers and keepers of Christian morality.

From the Paper
"It might also be contended that the mother of little Eva is hardly a shining moral example of feminine moral values and strength. In the case of Eva's parents, it almost seems as if Stowe suggests that the more 'female' of the two is the father, because of the core of his nature-it is he who loves the child more than the mother, like a good woman. Also, Eva almost assumes a role of 'motherhood' in the absence of a good mother, despite her early years and death. She does not even appear like a child. "Her form was the perfection of childish beauty, without its usual chubbiness and squareness of outline...Always dressed in white, she seemed to move like a shadow... fairy footsteps...glided, and that visionary golden head, with its deep blue eyes, fleeted along." (Chapter 14, http://www.online-literature.com/stowe/uncletom/14/) This domestic reversal of the heart of the woman in the man, and the hard-edged (though supposedly physically suffering) woman does not sustain the girl's life, however. Also, when the saintly Eva dies, her father is stricken to his core and cannot fight back-and the 'bad mother,' his real wife, allows Tom to be sold. "

Tags:men, uniquely, crafted, public, realm, commerce, domestic, moral, concerns, sensitivity