Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of the application domains that are typically associated with the small, communicating computer systems class, and how this operating system design has been impacted by the requirements of these application domains. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion. Includes annotated bibliography.

Introduction
Particular Requirements of this Application Domain
How These Requirements Impact the OS Designs for the Small, Communicating Computer Systems Class
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Computers continue to get smaller and the evolution of processing speeds is following Moore's Law. It is reasonable to assume that at some point in the foreseeable future, the desktop computer may simply become a thing of the past. Increasingly, mobile communications devices are being used to develop informal "networks" of friends, co-workers and family members. As a result, the use of small, communicating computer systems, mostly in wireless configurations, is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to older (i.e., a few years) computer systems that do not provide the same level of flexibility and functionality for a company's growing information technology needs today. Identifying current and future trends in this environment, then, assumes a new level of importance for companies seeking to maximize their return on their scarce IT resources, as well as for consumers who are seeking to identify the most appropriate wireless tool for their needs today."

Tags:consumer, design, information

Abstract
This paper looks at the role of civil engineers as advocates for public entities to use eminent domain for economic development. Additionally, it looks at the requirements for eminent domain, the role of civil engineers, and the role of advocates.

From the Paper
"Eminent domain is the right of the government to buy property from private owners at a price they determine to be fair market value and turn it over to local governments for the building of public conveniences such as roads, schools etc. and to seize property which is run-down and demolish and replace it with higher quality buildings to improve the deteriorated areas of towns and cities. Recently this has been extended to allow them to seize property that is not run down and hand it over..."

Tags:civil engineers, eminent domain, advocacy

Abstract
This paper examines neuro-scientific theories based on category-specific memory. The Domain-Specific hypothesis is particularly defended and is compared to two other theories (conceptual structure account and sensory/functional theory). Flaws and suggestions to deal with these flaws are also written about in this piece.

From the Paper
"Cognitive brain sciences include the organization of conceptual knowledge, which is the central concern of this neurological science. Theories that deal with the structure of knowledge organization generally fall into two separate groups, the correlated structure principle or the neural structure principle. The former assumes that conceptual knowledge is organized in the brain according to the statistical co-occurrence of properties of an object. The latter theory ..."

Tags:domain, specific, hypothesis

Abstract
The paper examines the case of Kelo v. City of New London and reviews the competing interests, rights and responsibilities at issue in the case. Additionally, this paper examines the issues relating to property owners (who frequently fight a condemnation plan) in order to determine where should society place a premium and who is the primary beneficiary of this public policy. Finally, this paper also makes a conclusion about who benefits from eminent domain and asserts whether or not it is an appropriate policy.

From the Paper
"The legal definition of eminent domain is the power of the federal or state government to take private property for a public purpose -- even if the property owner voices an objection. It is the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution that allows the government to take private property if the taking is for a public use and the owner is justly compensated (which typically means the owner is paid fair market value) for the loss. The definition of "public use" is broad and can mean virtually anything that is sanctioned by a federal or state legislative body. This means that eminent domain can be exercised in the creation of roads, parks, reservoirs, schools, reservoirs, hospitals or other public buildings. Eminent domain can also be utilized to take land away from citizen to benefit mainly private parties."

Tags:eminent, domain, policy

Abstract
This paper focuses on the future of eminent domain and what this means to private homeowners and less so to corporations. Eminent domain is defined as a method of obtaining private land for public purposes. The paper describes the original intent of this practice, yet addresses the pitfalls in today's system. In particular, the author considers the issues of eminent domain from the homeowner's perspective. The Kelo case is cited as a notable example of litigation regarding eminent domain. The author concludes that debate between eminent domain and homeowners has proven to be a difficult one in which both sides need to be willing to compromise.

From the Paper
"Thus, the debate between eminent domain and homeowners has proven to be a difficult one and one in which both sides need to be willing to compromise. Or, for homeowners, the opinion seems to be that they should not have to be forced into condemnation or selling their property for private use reasons. Forbes (2006) gives a certain outlook for the future of homeowners in regards to eminent domain. The federal court is setting mandates on state legislatures to ban any misuse of power for the development of big businesses over homeowners rights, as Forbes states, Several states, including Texas and Alabama, have taken steps toward banning the process, and a number of others are considering doing so. Congress may also weigh in and enact legislation that would bar federal development aid to states permitting such an abuse of power". Thus, the future of homeowners and eminent domain seems to be that justice is on the side of the homeowners and eminent domain will not give another case such as Kelo again in the near future."

Tags:land seizure, state government, homeowners, real estate, Kelo case

Abstract
The paper focuses on a legal case from which an eminent domain event occurred in Los Angeles, California. The paper points out the inherent ethical dilemmas which arise in eminent domain cases and therefore concludes that eminent domain, while necessary, is also fraught with ethical problems. The paper offers the recommendation that all U.S. states conduct further research in this area.

Outline:
Objective of the Study
Background of the Study
The Issue
Los Angeles: Cases of Eminent Domain
Summary of Review
Ethical Dilemmas
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Eminent Domain is defined as the power held by a government, either federal, state, country or city and to include school and hospital district and other agency to secure private land for public use and this may be with or even without the permission or approval of the owner of the property. It is provided in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution that 'private property [may not] be taken for public use without just compensation.' Added by the Fourteenth Amendment is the requirement of 'just compensation' when property is taken and involves a condemnation which includes a public need declaration, next followed by an appraisal, offer and negotiation. In the event the individual whose property is taken is not satisfied they may sue the government agency and have a court determine what is 'just' compensation."

Tags:Constitution, property, compensation, benefits

Abstract
This paper explains the legal standard for eminent domain that requires 'just' compensation to owners and that the property be intended for public use. The paper shows how there is a need to redress property owners with regard to either or both infringements of the constitutional stipulations of eminent domain. The paper also discusses the Homeowners' Freedom organization that is dedicated to the assertion of property rights of owners. Emphasis is placed on how eminent domain rulings were not intended to build malls, condominiums, and saturated housing projects to feed the tax base of any community by making a few people wealthy enough to add to the bottom dollar. The paper strongly believes that eminent domain needs to be continually put in check, and individuals need not feel as if they have no power to fight government decisions or desires.

From the Paper
"Eminent domain rulings are frequently minimally damaging to property owners, as only small portions of land have been seized for government use, yet there are also many cases a year where a government entity, be it state, local or federal utilizes eminent domain laws to seize or purchase property that includes domestic residences. In such cases the municipality often has the upper hand, with regard to purchase price as they can dictate the purchase price at any level the individual is willing to accept or set the rate of purchase at the tax assessed value of the property, a rate that is usually significantly lower than the fair market value of the property. Additionally, the municipality may argue in favor of a purchase price determined by the value of the land itself, not including the improvements upon it, including homes and other buildings as the value becomes very limited once the announcement of eminent domain seizure has occurred."

Tags:property, owners, compensation, municipalities

Abstract
This paper presents several example cases and recent Supreme Court decisions, which show that eminent domain may have been a valuable tool in the past but it is outmoded and unwarranted today. The author points out that it is used as a tool to benefit the wealthy and powerful at the expense of the powerless and poor because the rates paid for eminent domain properties are often far less than market value and the states and federal government are abusing the power the Constitution gave them. The paper stresses that the eminent domain laws need to be overhauled or repealed, so that every property owner in America does not have to worry that someday the local government will swoop down and take their property, leaving them with little in return.

From the Paper
"The New London case is only the most recent case in a long line of eminent domain cases that have become increasingly valuable to developers and cities, at the expense of small property owners. In another landmark case in Detroit, Michigan, an entire city neighborhood went under the wrecking ball when industry giant General Motors (GM) wanted to build a new plant to build Cadillacs. Calling the plan an economic development project, the city eventually destroyed over 1,000 homes, along with 600 businesses and churches in the Poletown neighborhood so GM could create its assembly plant. Many opponents of eminent domain use this case to illustrate one of the major problems with these projects. Often, they do not live up to the potential they promised the city."

Tags:outmoded, private-property, constitution, supreme-court, state

Abstract
This paper discuss the problem of cyber squatting along with specific legislation and organizations' rights over their business identity. The issue of trademark is examined and the current domain name registration process is analyzed. Examples are stated involving recent legal cases of domain name abuse.

Tags:arbitration, business, copyright, court, internet, law, legal, name, organization, provider, service, trademark, web

Abstract
"Trademarks and domain names are a poor fit. One admits many users to a particular space, the other admits only one", says Diane Cabell of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at the Harvard Law School. The paper critically examines this statement, while explaining how trademark and domain names disputes are resolved currently. The current practices involving cyberspace disputes are analyzed in terms of fairness and allocation of Internet resources of businesses. The paper also examines whether trademark laws should be applicable for resolving trademark and domain name disputes in cyberspace. Related case studies are highlighted and discussed.

From the Paper
"When an individual applies for a trademark, the trademarks are subjected to restrictions before they can be registered. Domain names on the other hand are on a first-come first serve basis. There is no legislation over what can be registered. Domain name applicants don't need to show that they are the rightful owners and that means anyone can register any available domain name. It is much like the Wild West where the fastest and strongest will be able to register that particular domain name. Given such anarchy in cyberspace, it shows the inherent difficulty in governance."

Tags:alloc, busi, internet