Abstract
The paper explains the term "Big Stick Diplomacy", which refers to President Roosevelt's administration's foreign policy. The paper describes how Roosevelt metaphorically used his big stick on several occasions, particularly in Latin America. The paper then discusses President William Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy" that describes the United States' efforts to use money in the form of loans to countries in Latin America and East Asia to further US aims. The paper compares the leadership of both presidents and asserts that while Roosevelt prevented wars using creative tactics and mediated disputes between foreign nations to sustain peace and protect U.S. interests, Taft just used economic power to manipulate foreign relations.

From the Paper
"President Theodore Roosevelt felt, throughout his entire political career that being well-prepared for a conflict was the United States' best strategy as a preventative measure to avoid war. His belief, taken from the African proverb, "speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far," summarizes his leadership (Abrams, 1978). Forcing the United States to flaunt its power was, in his mind, the most effective way to keep other countries from attacking. Simply carrying the big stick without using it would hopefully be enough to discourage their challenges. The media helped to hype this statement coining the term Big Stick Diplomacy to refer to his administration's foreign policy. Political cartoons during his presidency often depicted Roosevelt with a large object, usually a club or stick, swinging it at others to force them into submission with mere threat."

Tags:Latin, America, foreign, relations, economic, power, mediation, negotiations

Abstract
This paper explains that, until the 1940s, Latin America was an economic "free zone" for the U.S., zealously guarded by the Monroe Doctrine, which was established in 1823, at a time when most Latin American nations were first tasting the freedom of their own statehood. The author points out that the determination of the U.S. to control commerce than the completion of the Panama Canal and the seizure of Panamanian lands to form a U.S. Canal Zone is the single most event to demonstrate American exploitation. The paper relates that "Dollar Diplomacy" still exists today; but, the first-third of this century saw a far more one-sided, brazen and opportunistic means of finding legal ways to get economic advantages because American businessmen, in combination with the State Department, looked upon Latin Americans as not trustworthy, not competent and certainly not the equal of the "democratic" Americans.

From the Paper
"Central America became the domain of agricultural enterprises, such as United Fruit and Standard Fruit Company. They literally "owned" and "ran" Nicaragua and Guatemala. Despite uprisings- the most serious occurred in 1930, where" a dozen Standard Fruit employees were killed, including eight Americans,...and the company begged for American intervention." A naval ship was sent to the scene, but the rebels had already gone. As Uncle Sam has positioned himself as the bringer of democracy to Latin America, so the American companies have followed the diplomats (or even preceded them) in order to have "the whip hand in negotiations with local governments, and the resulting foreign investments have brought fewer and fewer benefits to the host country.""

Tags:dollar-diplomacy, monroe, roosevelt, agricultural

Abstract
This paper explores the pros and cons of war versus diplomacy. The author argues that skilled diplomacy could have avoided the US entry into World War II, as well as other major military conflicts. The paper further states that defeat of an opponent ought not to be the ultimate aim in a conflict. Achieving long-term goals in international relations are more important and possible through diplomacy rather than by violent means such as military action.

From the Paper
" The period between 1930 and 1956 was probably the most turbulent era in recent human history. It saw the start and end of the Great Depression that destroyed the economies of most of the industrial world at one time; witnessed the rise of expansionist fascist powers in Europe and the Far-East resulting in probably the bloodiest conflict in human history; the gradual change of the US foreign policy from isolationism to intervention in the Second World War; the victory of the Allies over the Axis powers; the emergence of the US and the USSR as the two major world powers and the start of almost half a century of a Cold War between them, besides the American involvement in the eventually stalemated Korean War."

Tags:conflict, resolution, diplomacy, military, intervention, war, World, War, II

Abstract
The paper presents a thorough examination of the causes of the weak U.S. dollar and a discussion of both the pros and cons of the current Bush dollar policy. The paper questions what the dollar policy of the Bush Administration should be. After understanding the effects of the dollar policy, the paper shows that the administration should promote a stable dollar through increased fiscal discipline. This would show the world that the U.S. is not pushing its debt problems on them, eliminating the uncertainty of currency markets. With a stable dollar policy, the U.S. could improve the domestic economy, while no longer economically alienating the rest of the world.

From the Paper
"Former presidents George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Jackson may not have had similar leadership strategies, but each were powerful figures of American history. Their contributions to the development of the United States helped it become the most powerful nation in the world, and today their involvement is acknowledged, as portraits of each grace a form of American currency. Their pictures symbolize American history and, more importantly, power. While the United States continues to hold a central role in global markets, its hegemony is increasingly threatened. The decline in value of the US dollar over the last three years may be symbolic of dwindling American dominance, thus the fall of the dollar is being closely examined. Many countries feel the US lives beyond its means. A weak US dollar helps boost US exports, in effect decreasing trade deficits by allowing the world to buy American debt. The current administration provides meaningless sound bites to the media, proclaiming publicly that it wants a strong currency while quietly allowing the dollar to decline. Other domestic policies seem to promote the idea that America is doing little to promote a strong dollar, such as an expanding defense budget and calls for social security reform. If the US continues to show such disregard for foreign opinion, the results may be devastating."

Tags:currency, deficit, dollar, economy, exchange, rates, trade

Abstract
An essay which analyzes the ineffectiveness of Australia's 'megaphone diplomacy' under John Howard in dealing with the refugees and asylum seekers issue particularly with its largest neighbor, Indonesia. It also suggests a more appropriate formula for Australia to establish better relationships with Indonesia after the East Timor crises.

From the Paper
"In analyzing the effect of "megaphone diplomacy" to Australia-Indonesia relations and to Australian engagement with the region, Kevin's statement that "a country's foreign policy succeeds if its political leaders have a clear understanding of their country's national interests and place in the world, so that they may set appropriate foreign policy goals; and if its diplomats are trained and resourced to carry out their specialist tasks of analysis and representation" could be used as the consideration. Based on his experience while serving as Australian diplomat in many Asian countries, Kevin also states that in most of the Asian regions, economic rationalism is not the dominant value system. There remains a large place for courtesy, for accommodating differences, for breaking bread together, for helping the needy, for recognizing abiding values of family and friendship."

Tags:asia, diplomacy, foreign, pacific, people, policy, smuggling

Abstract
This paper reviews the role of the U.S. state department in deploying the public diplomacy program nationally and world wide. According to this paper, the most prevalent opinion that seems to be held worldwide is that the United States is a domineering global superpower fueled by greed and bent on conquest.

From the Paper
"What is Public Diplomacy? Public diplomacy is the method by which the United States government seeks to create an image in the eyes of the citizens of other countries. According to the U.S. Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations Terms, "public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio, and television" (cited in United States Information Agency Alumni Association [USIAAA] 2002, par. 8). This term was first used in 1965, when the Edward R. Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy was established at Tufts University (USIAAA 2002, par. 11). The USIAAA states that some sources equate public diplomacy with propaganda. Although both forms of communication are intended to persuade people, propaganda generally has a negative connotation of "disinformation" (2002, par. 12)."

Tags:public, diplomacy, policy

Abstract
The paper relates that in 2007, the Canadian dollar rose approximately 25%, to attain a rough parity with the American dollar for the first time in decades. This paper examines the causes and effects of this rising dollar for the Canadian economy. The thesis is argued that this increase in the value of the Canadian dollar damaged the manufacturing and foreign export trading sectors of the Canadian economy, as it eliminated a primary element of Canada's competitiveness, while strengthening the energy sector.

From the Paper
"In 2007 the Canadian dollar rose approximately 25%, to attain a rough parity with the American dollar for the first time in decades. The effects of the rising Canadian dollar have not been felt equally across the county. This essay will examine the effects of this rising dollar on local industry in two different provinces - Alberta and Ontario - and the roles of both provincial and federal governments in dealing with these unequal effects. The thesis will be argued that regardless of industry or province, this increase in the value of the Canadian dollar damaged the..."

Tags:canada, dollar, business

Abstract
This paper provides essay responses to three fixed questions employing course materials and other sources on I) implications of the high Canadian dollar; possible government responses, II) how the high dollar inflicts unwanted challenges on some regions/businesses; responses, and III) the Tourism Indian Assocation of Canada (Ottawa 1930-) as an example of a Canadian interest group advising governments on policy decisions. The paper notes that if the dollar is to remain high as discourages Canadian tourism, then breaks and incentives will be needed for 65B+$ of high employment and local returns.

From the Paper
"The high Canadian dollar value in 2007, approximately 25% above the American dollar, had unequal results across Canada. Federal and provincial governments responded in predictable piecemeal ways. Canadians have long expected but sometimes resented economic and political centralization so that some interests were quick to approach Ottawa for measures to ensure equalization or supports through a period of regional loss. (See Wilson 417-418) While a high dollar was seen as a sign of overall economic success, the Canadian economy shows its heritage in past mercantilism in a..."

Tags:high dollar, effects, interest group

Abstract
This paper explores the U.S. dollar and the effects of its devaluation. The paper also argues the pros and cons of a weak dollar and examines measures the U.S. government and consumer can take to slow or prevent the the dollar's decline.

From the Paper
"Since the beginning of advanced civilization, trade and economy has revolved around currency. Currency provides a uniform medium for the exchange of goods and services, and facilitates economic activity. As world economies become more and more reliant upon each other, the difference in valuation of national currencies becomes increasingly important in projecting markets. For the purposes of this paper, I will explore why the United States dollar has fallen recently in the context of macroeconomics, and identify the advantages and disadvantages of a "strong" national currency."

Tags:currency, dollar, economics, global, inflation, international, macroeconomics, markets, weak

Abstract
This paper discusses America's "betrayal" of its original priority not to interfere in the human dignity, freedom, democracy of other nations. The paper uses two books about Guatemala and Iran as sources.

From the Paper
"My country will be faithful to the letter and to the spirit of the law said President Truman in Mexico City. It turned out America was neither. We must remember that this was the era of the beginning of the Cold War. America was determined to lead the world. This was not only politically, it was also economically. The African experience was being colonized by Western nations. Their manpower was used as cheap labor. Their minerals and other products went to enrich Europe even as..."

Tags:oil, politics, economics, Dollar Diplomacy, Churchill, Truman, Iran, Guatemala, United Fruit, communism