Abstract
This paper provides a background of the problem of elder abuse followed by a review and discussion of the relevant literature. The study uses a retrospective review of adverse patient incident reports in selected Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) and domiciles in the United States. The paper determines what controlling legislation is in place and the associated responsibilities for healthcare practitioners. It notes that the next step involves detecting and substantiating cases of elder abuse when they occur or are suspected of having occurred. The paper further discusses what should be done when abuse has taken place. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion, where it is noted that virtually all sources suggest the rates of elder abuse are on the increase. However, the definitions of elder abuse have been sufficiently codified in recent years that such incidents can be identified and, when appropriate, reported, investigated and actions can be taken to prevent such abuse in the future.

From the Paper
"Today, there are more elderly than ever before, and their numbers are expected to increase as a percentage of the population in the coming years (Litwin & Zoabi, 2004). Based on this increase in numbers of elderly citizens, it is also reasonable to assume that there will be a concomitant increase in the incidence of elder abuse as well. In fact, in recent years, elder abuse by family members has been identified as a growing problem in Western societies (Bergeron & Gray, 2003; Litwin & Zoabi, 2004); however, it is difficult or perhaps even impossible to know whether elder abuse is actually increasing or decreasing because there is a paucity of national prevalence studies (Litwin & Zoabi, 2004; Johnson, 1991; Ebersole & Hess, 1998). The data that is available, though, suggests that the incidence of elder abuse is on the increase, particularly among those aged 75 years and above (Pritchard, 1993). According to the National Elder Abuse Incidence Study, the most accurate national estimate is that a total of 449,924 elderly people, aged 60 years and over, were the victims of abuse and/or neglect in domestic settings alone in 1996 (p. 6). Furthermore, of that number, just 16 percent or so, or approximately 71,987 cases, were actually reported to elder protection agencies (Bergeron & Gray, 2003). This means that across the country, there were approximately 380,000 cases of elder abuse in the home that went unreported - which is not to say undetected - during that year. Moreover, the National Center on Elder Abuse estimated the number of elder abuse cases across the country in all settings to be from 820,000 to 1,860,000 (cited in Ebersole & Hess, 1998). In reality, though, it does not matter whether elder mistreatment is increasing or decreasing because the fact that some elder citizens continue to experience unnecessary suffering is adequate to warrant attention (Johnson, 1991)."

Tags:healthcare, practitioner, protection, initiatives, reporting, investigating, treating, gerontology

Abstract
This paper discusses the photographer Dorothea Lange and her use of photography to document social issues such as the problems of poverty and the unemployed during the Great Depression. The author describes how Lange's work raises to a high level the tension between recording fact and deliberately creating symbols, and looks closely at how and why three of her most famous photographs, "White Angel Breadline," "Migrant Mother," and "Waiting To File Claims" became symbols of the Depression. Through Lange's photographs and dedication to bettering social conditions, she was able to accomplish her goal in improving American society. This paper contains figures.

From the Paper
"It was during 1933 that Lange began her foray into the social world of depression. Lange observed the increasing number of unemployed workers in the streets of San Francisco and one day decided to take pictures of them. Compelled by the visible human anguish of the Great Depression, she traveled through the streets to a bread line that had been recently set up by White Angel, a wealthy woman living in San Francisco. She took several photographs that day but the most telling was the one of an "unshaven, hunched-up little man, leaning on a railing with a tin can between his arms, his hands clenched, the line of his mouth bitter, his back turned to those others waiting for a handout."

Tags:victim symbolic icon jobless poverty, New Deal, collective caption documentary

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of accurate nursing documentation, which serves to ensure and maintain continuity and to inform health professionals of ongoing care and treatment. The paper further points out that nursing or professional notes also constitute legal evidence. At the same time, research indicates that nursing documentation is not synchronized with actual patient and family care. This paper also considers problems with documentation, some of which are based in a distorted nursing perspective and others that are of a systemic nature.

From the Paper
"In order to ensure and maintain continuity and to inform health professionals of ongoing care and treatment, accurate nursing documentation is vital. Nursing or professional notes also constitute legal evidence. At the same time, research indicates that nursing documentation is not synchronized with actual patient and family care. This paper will discuss problems with documentation, some of which are based in a distorted nursing perspective and others that are of a systemic nature. A number of solutions and recommendations to these problems will be provided. While it is not feasible to fully standardize nursing..."

Tags:documentation, flaws, solutions

Abstract
This paper examines primary documents concerning Pugachev's leadership of the Russian peasant revolt of 1774, pointing out that his documents and those of others do not agree in every respect.

From the Paper
"A study of the Pugachev documents comprises documents from him to others, from others to him, and from others about him. These documents do not agree in every detail, leaving the reader to determine which part of conflicting statements is true. This paper asserts that although primary documents are used, this does not guarantee that everything in them is factual. The main peasant grievances that Pugachev tried to exploit in his decrees included slavery, taxes, the inability to own land and..."

Tags:Pugachev, Russia, revolt, revolution, primary documents

Abstract
The following paper is a brief analysis of an enemy combatant document uncovered in Iraq when the war was at, or near, its peak. Specifically, the paper considers the letter and identifies three different variables referenced within the letter. The paper then addresses the impact of these factors upon Al-Qaeda and coalition operations. The three variables which are examined include political variables, social variables, and military variables. In the end, the letter shows Al-Qaeda to be on the verge of collapse in 2005.

From the Paper
"The following paper is a brief analysis of an enemy combatant document uncovered in Iraq when the war was at, or near, its peak. Specifically, the paper will look at the letter and identify three different variables referenced within the letter; the paper will then discuss the impact of these factors upon Al-Qaeda and upon coalition operations. The three variables which will be examined are political variables; social variables; and military variables. In the end, the letter shows Al-Qaeda to be on the verge of collapse in 2005 - assuming the US made the right calculations and moves."

Tags:2005, document, iraq

Abstract
This paper is based on a phone interview with an experienced Clinical Psychologist. It specifically focuses on the use of writing in counseling profession and the documentation required in professional records.

From the Paper
"Information for this project was obtained in a phone interview with Mrs. Mary Boyce. M. A. Mrs. Boyce has been a practicing Clinical Psychologist for 25 years specializing in Marriage, Family, and Child Psychology. Her experience includes families, couples, children, adolescents, small ones, and a variety of disorders. The interview focused on the amount and types of writing involved in the Clinical Counseling profession, specifically Childhood Counseling. Mrs. Boyce runs her own private clinical practice."

Tags:mary, boyce, psychologist, psychology, childhood, private, practice, write, document, tax, account, record, records

Abstract
In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of health care documentation. Specifically the writer discusses medical documentation errors and the use of abbreviations in medical documentation, which can be misconstrued when reading handwritten medical documentation. The writer points out that documentation errors can be costly and even deadly. The writer notes that many people believe eliminating abbreviations in the documentation can help avoid medical errors and create documentation that is safe and effective.

From the Paper
"Eliminating abbreviations can reduce errors because abbreviations can often resemble another word or abbreviation, thereby causing confusion in the medical orders. For example, "QD" is often used to mean "daily," but it can be written qd, q.d., and several other ways. If the handwriting is not perfect, it could be taken as "QOD," which means "every other day," and that could have serious consequences for the patient if the medication instructions were misconstrued due to an error in reading the abbreviation. This is dangerous to the patient, to the healthcare staff, and to the healthcare facility, and so, abbreviations can lead to medication errors, and that can lead to patient injury and death, and lawsuits for the organization. The Joint Commission notes, "Abbreviations have been identified as the root cause in medication sentinel events" ("Improve the Effectiveness"). Thus, abbreviation management is essential for any healthcare organization, large or small.
"The issue is so important that organizations like The Joint Commission, a non-profit healthcare accreditation organization offers guidelines and a "do not use" list of abbreviations that they urge healthcare facilities to adopt."

Tags:patients, handwritten, notes, abbreviation, misunderstandings

Abstract
The paper explains how documentation is important when an emergency medical technician renders aid to a patient when he/she is ill, critically injured or hurt. Documentation would enable the hospital to keep a track of what type of treatment has been given to the patient, and how he/she responded to the treatment given. The paper illustrates how organizations have made lists of rules and regulations to help those people responsible for documentation while taking care of their patient. This ensures that they would be able to perform their duty efficiently, as well as provide the important documentation needed for the administration of the hospital.

Contents:
Thesis Statement
Introduction
Conclusion

From the Paper
"An Emergency Medical Technician, who has been able to successfully establish an EMT-patient relationship by the mere fact that he was the individual who had begun emergency care for the patient that he is taking care of at the present time, has a responsibility and a duty to make sure that he take care of that patient until such time that help arrives in the form of a specialist or some other person who can relieve the emergency medical technician. It must be noted that this relief generally comes when the patient reaches the hospital, and the report made by the EMT is submitted to the attending staff. At times, when it so happens that the patient is not actually transported by the first arriving EMT but by another provider, then it is the duty of the first EMT to give a full report on the patient to the second arriving EMT, who would be taking over the care of the patient from that point of time onwards."

Tags:patient, administration, EMT, treatment

Abstract
This paper explains that each founding document critical to the U.S. Constitution makes reference to the importance of man's free right to exercise his political will under a tolerant and open form of government. Furthermore, key concepts like the right to a fair trial and land and property ownership rights were underscored in these earlier founding documents. The author defines the founding documents as the "Magna Carta", the "Mayflower Compact", the "Virginia Declaration of Rights", the "Declaration of Independence", the "Articles of Confederation" and the "Federalist Papers". The paper relates that the concepts of "all men being created equal" and having the unalienable rights to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" as presented in the preamble of the U.S. Declaration of Independence are the fundamental concepts of freedom incorporated into the present-day constitution and powerful core principles upon which future democratic documents will be written.

From the Paper
"The Magna Carta of 1215 A.D. was the first of these documents, as an English liberty charter decreed by King John. This early document covered broad areas from property rights to rights of heirs, marriage laws, and criminal prosecution. Article 52 states "To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands, castles, liberties, or rights, without the lawful judgment of his equals, we will at once restore these," making note of civil liberties of men, although based on the notions of an English royal class system."

Tags:magna-carta, mayflower, virginia, declaration, confederation

Abstract
This paper describes the SuDoc government document classification system and how it is derived. It also looks at other government document systems (SROI, ASI, IIS), census documents, the depository library system, and the SIC/NAIC system, and gives examples of classifications of documents.

From the Paper
"The Superintendent of Documents Classification System originated from the Library of the Government Printing Office between and The Superintendent. It is attributed to Miss Adelaide R Hasse who assigned classification numbers based on government organization..."

Tags:SuDoc, SRI, ASI, IIS, SIC/NAIC