Abstract
In this paper, the author reports on an assignment she received where she was given a human DNA sequence composed of a series of letters such as 'accagacagt' and had to decipher letters and interpret the results.

Introduction
DNA
DNA and the Internet
DNA Sequence
Prospects for Diagnosis and Therapy
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The internet has made so many sites and processes available to the average person that home DNA testing may actually be a reality in the near future. But, this plethora of information is actually a bit overwhelming and therefore confusing. Results obtained on one site may not necessarily agree with the results of another site which obviously leads amateur Genomics practitioners such as my self to begin to doubt returned results and thus require professional confirmation. The key is that DNA Sequencing and interpretation will alter mankind's ability to identify 'medicine less' cures and maybe even lead to the creation of completely altered super humans. "Initiation of DNA replication holds the clue to what controls cell division and hence growth and differentiation." (Adams, 1991) "

Tags:intrinsic, catalytic, activities, interpretation, mankind, identify, medicine, cures, creation

Abstract
This paper relates that scientists have deciphered every last one of the 3 billion DNA "letters" in the human body. The author points out that the completed DNA sequence is now expected to give scientists understandings about the workings of the human body that have never been made before. The paper stresses that this development will revolutionize medicine and biology.

Tags:medicine, biology, dna, sequence

Abstract
This research is an investigation into the way DNA technology has affected America's criminal justice system by detailing its uses, as well as the challenges that still lay ahead. Utilizing secondary resources, including the testimonies of several experts in the field such as the director of the Virginia Division of Forensic Science, the executive director of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence and the assistant director for the Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as well as published resources from other experts, the author of the paper attempts to answer the question of how DNA has impacted America's criminal justice system.

Preface Statement
Statement of the Problem
Background
Overview of DNA
DNA as an Investigative Tool
Inception of the National DNA Index
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Anticipated Results and Conclusions

From the Paper
"DNA is organized as two complementary strands that are linked together with bonds that can be separated. Each strand of DNA is a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar, a phosphate and one of four kinds of nucleobases, often simply referred to as bases. These bases are: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. Furthermore, these bases only pair up properly with one other base, A with T, C with G, and vice versa, on their complementary strand ("DNA")."

Tags:genetic, forensics, criminal, profiling, sequence, splitting, double, strand, replication

Abstract
This paper looks at the discovery of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick and other scientists. It describes the structure of the DNA molecule and how it replicates, how mistakes in replication are corrected, and how replication is semi-conservative. It then looks at transcription and translation, and gives an example of a 3 codon sequence, its DNA code, its mRNA translation, and the amino acids it codes for.

Tags:transcription, translation, semiconservative, codons

Abstract
This paper offers an in-depth examination of the Human Genome Project. The paper first studies who the project came about, its leadership, funding and oversight procedures. Then the paper discusses how quality control is maintained and how information is shared and disseminated.

Tags:genome sequence, quality control, encoding, overlapping areas, restriction enzymes, gene mapping, genetic map, physical map, DNA sequencing

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mutations of the BRCA1 are known to be a cause in early onset breast-ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The writer describe and experiment that aimed to sequence the exon containing the BRCA1 gene in order to identify disease causing mutations and then clone the gene to accept or reject heterozygosity shown in the sequence on the chromatogram. Salivary DNA was collected, amplified, and sequenced so that the sequence of the chromatogram obtained could be compared with the normal sequence to identify the positions of mutations. The writer discusses that the results obtained helped identify mutations and how to find their positions so that a better understanding of gene mutations and how to find them is acquired. The writer concludes that with the growing knowledge of gene mutations this brings us one step closer to finding a cure.

Abstract
Introduction
Rationale Aims
Materials and Methods
Collection of Salivary DNA
Purification of Human Genomic DNA
PCR Amplification of Exon in the BRCA1 Gene
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis/QIAquick PCR Purification
DNA Sequencing Reactions
Sequencing Reaction Cleanup
PCR Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part One)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 2)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 3)
PCR Amplification of Cloned Exons
Cloned Sequence Reactions
Trouble shooting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Trouble Shoot
Results
References

From the Paper
"The BRCA1 gene was initially discovered in 1990 by Mary-Claire King, however, it wasn't until 1994 that a team of scientists located and amplified the gene. The reason why it took so long to locate the gene was due the fact that it only accounts for only 5% of all breast Cancer Cases. The gene is 100kb long and is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at locus q21. It is a tumor suppressor gene which, with the interaction of other tumor suppressor genes, helps repair damaged DNA and control cell growth, therefore, keeping genomic stability.
"In response to damage BRCA1 produces a product which is activated and interacts with the BRCA2 and RAD51 to repair the broken DNA. The BRCA2 gene in another gene which when mutated causes breast cancer in men and women whereas BRCA1 only causes breast cancer in women."

Tags:tumor, gene, mutation, breast, cancer, DNA

Abstract
The paper defines genetic testing, looks at the screening and testing techniques and examines guidelines for genetic testing. The paper discusses mitochondrial DNA sequencing and describes what is involved in forensic identification via genetic testing.

Outline:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use of Genetic Screening
Guidelines for Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic testing
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Genetic testing is also referred to as 'gene testing' and 'DNA tests' and is a process by which the individual's DNA is examined. DNA is the material which genes are composed of which serve to determine the specific characteristics of living things. DNA determines the individual's features and as well, genetic testing has the capacity to detect particular genes in terms of whether they are present, absent, or altered and specifically in detection of chromosome abnormalities through laboratory testing."

Tags:mitochondrial, DNA, chromosomes, genes

Abstract
This work seeks to examine genetic testing in the light of the potential contribution of genetic testing specifically in the area of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing. The paper first defines genetic testing and then discusses its goals. The paper then looks at the potential benefits that can be gained from using genetic testing.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use Of Genetic Screening
Guidelines For Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic Testing
Summary And Conclusion

From the Paper
"Genetic testing applications offer great potential in today's society from early detection of disease, to exonerating the wrongfully accused, to identifying criminals that otherwise would have gone on to other commission of crimes, to paternity testing and the new possibility of correction of genetic abnormalities and this is only to list a few. Genetic testing has opened doors for scientific, medical health and prevention, and social advances in quality of life as well as water and food quality measures. Genetic testing is greatly beneficial in today's society."

Tags:DNA, disease, screening

Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the evolutionary process and the concepts known as protein folding and selective expression. The paper begins with a look at the role of DNA and continues with an account of the history of DNA sequencing and a discussion of the different applications for genome sequencing. The paper also discusses the importance of the study of genomes of different species, known as comparative genomics, and explains an aspect of genome sequencing known as hemology.

From the Paper
"The study of genomes of different species would present us with a better picture as to the evolutionary trends, bioarcheology and anthropology. Researchers have identified that 99.9% of the genome information is common for the different human races stressing once again the possibility of a common ancestral origin. In the same vein they have also found that the chimpanzees have about 98.4% of genetic information common with humans. [ Hecht, J] So the improvements in genome science is helping us ascertain our evolutionary trends better than ever before. Similarly mouse and human beings are found to share 97.5% of the DNA material implicating a common ancestral origin some hundred million years ago. [Cohlan, A]"

Tags:protein, synthesis, genes, fundamental, units, biological, inheritance, instructions, encoded, cytoplasmic, amino, acids

Abstract
Every since Watson and Crick discovered DNA's structure in 1953 there has been a mad rush to discover its function. The paper explores the discovery of scientist J. Craig Venter, whose groundbreaking system is responsible for locating and sequencing 85-90 percent of all human genes. Venter's discovery led to the National Institute of Health patenting gene fragments and the paper examines the controversy surrounding the issue. It discusses whether DNA, part of the human genome, should be allowed to be patented and also, how the information should be used. The paper also looks at the benefits of making DNA sequencing public property.

From the Paper
"A major concern for many is how new DNA technology can be used against them. In a world full of real or imagined discrimination, genetic discrimination is a looming threat. Nineteen states now have laws governing privacy of genetic tests. Still, 25 percent of the individuals participating in a study at Georgetown University believed they had been discriminated against (Sternberg, 1996). Many Americans may be reason to fear, including those who themselves discriminate. More that 15 million Americans have one or more birth defects, 80 percent of them genetically caused (Cary, 1995). There are diseases numbering greater than 3,000 that are genetically coded (Platt, 1997). Discrimination may be on the job or by insurance companies who refuse to cover an individual based on a pre-existing condition. Martha Volner of the Alliance of Genetic Support Groups feels insurance companies do not need genetic information to discriminate. Enough history both personal and family is given to the insurance agency to negate the use of genetic tests (Sternberg, 1996)."

Tags:Human, Genome, Project, Epogen, Myriad