Abstract The basis of Smith's theories about the division of labor in human production rests in his repeated reference to "the natural" effects of production. Marx, on the other hand, understands production as a structure that is premised on social inequalities amongst humans. Where Smith regards "self-interest" as the natural force behind increasing a nation's wealth, Marx regards differences in social class as the source of exploitation in labor. Smith idealizes the division of labor, and Marx & Engels both regard exploitation of social inequality as the basis for divisions in labor.
Abstract The British government has been intimately and disastrously involved in Ireland for centuries. This paper examines the divisions between Roman Catholics and Protestants that culminated in the division of the island into two separate political entities. It commences with the Act of Union (1801) that united Ireland and Great Britain and concludes with partition, political formalization of the cleavages, in the twentieth century.
Examines the technical and symbolical details of the fifth century mosaic "The Parting of Lot and Abraham", presently located in Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.
Abstract This paper hypothesizes that the mosaic "The Parting of Lot and Abraham" not only represents an important event in history but also explores the symbolism of the division between good and evil. The author first summarizes the biblical accounting to get a deeper appreciative of the figures involved in this event. The paper relates that the very direct and powerful composition of the mosaic is dominated by the foreground figures Lot and Abraham placed with a considerable gap between them, which emphasizes the irreversible decision for them to part: Abraham on the left moving towards Canaan and Lot in the opposite way, towards Sodom with his two daughters.
From the Paper "The mass behind the two figures which are placed in foreground is shown using dark contrasting colors and tones which have faded considerably over time. In fact, the mass of heads in the background is a common Roman art device suggesting that the division is not only between Lot and Abraham, but between two peoples, and ultimately, two moral categories, i.e. good and evil. The shading also gives a three dimensional effect to the mosaic, this being a highly characteristic quality of Roman art. Nonetheless, the illusion of spatial depth is reduced by the strong outline of the figures."
Abstract After providing an overview of the process of cell growth and division, this paper examines cell division in the organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent research on this organism is reviewed to examine some of the conclusions about the interactions between cell growth and division and the presence of various single and double mutant forms. Such a careful study of cell growth and reproduction in unicellular organisms such as S. cerevisiae has implications for human oncological research.
From the Paper "Abstract
After providing an overview of the process of cell growth and division, this paper examines cell division in the organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent research on this organism is reviewed to examine some of the conclusions about the interactions between cell growth and division and the presence of various single and double mutant forms. Such a careful study of cell growth and reproduction in unicellular organisms such as S. cerevisiae has implications for human oncological research.
Introduction
This paper examines the cell division cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the common brewer's yeast that has long been used as an ..."
Abstract This paper discusses how in his book "The Division of Labor in Society", Emile Durkheim sees society as evolving, as developing over time and how he considers the specific element of solidarity as it was manifested at each stage of development. Division of labor is another specific dimension by which we explain the existence of the kinds and types of social organization in a given society. It shows how Durkheim in his book, explains both the nature of society as well as the meaning of, development of and place of individuality within that structure. It examines how Durkheim's vision of the division of labor is of a naturally occurring reality that becomes a force for social cohesion and solidarity, binding individuals in society more closely together and may imperil individuality as a result.
From the Paper "In discussing the bond of social solidarity, Durkheim indicates that there are two ideal types of solidarity, one mechanical and the other organic. The bond of solidarity is that which defines a society and its rules and regulations, rules which can be transgressed by the criminal precisely because that solidarity exists and stands as that against which crime is directed and defined. Crime is defined by Durkheim as an "act contrary to strong, well-defined states of common consciousness" (Durkheim 60). He then indicates that it is possible to see what kind of solidarity the penal law symbolizes, and he says that it is clear that social cohesion exists when there is a certain conformity of each individual consciousness to a common type, the psychological type of society. "
Abstract This paper explains what the concept of the division of labor means in terms of its theoretical and practical applications in an industrialized, capitalist society. The paper further explains that such a division of labor makes it impossible to separate an industry fully along the lines of internal divisions of labor, mechanistic and human, from the society which surrounds it.
From the Paper "It is often the case that a generalized term is often known both by its theoretical and its practical applications, but it sometimes happens that such a term is also known to cover different practical effects when dealing with two different sets of circumstances. When talking about labor and capital, especially the industrialized, mechanistic labor inherent to capitalism, differentiations of application are often made along the lines of human beings and machines, or human beings and the mechanistic work that they are taking part in. The division of labor is mainly thought of by scholars and thinkers as being the whole of two distinct sums: that of the actual mechanized process of separating
and dissociating work as individual parts that lead to a complete whole and that of the effect on the human beings taking part in the dissociated work, in which each person plays an integral, if incomplete, role in the manufacture of a product. "...In one form or another the division of labor has remained the fundamental principle of industrial organization" (Braverman 69). It is a very significant concept concerning both a process and the effects of the process on the workers involved."
Abstract This paper talks about the role that division of labor plays in capitalism. It focuses on Adam's Smith's view of division of labor and how it fits into our society. The advantages and disadvantges of this practice are listed and analyzed.
From the Paper "Capitalism, what is Capitalism? It is an economic system, which has been dominant in the western world since the breakup of Feudalism. An economic system in which competing firms produce material use values (anything humans produce for use or sale) as commodities for a society wide competitive market."
Abstract Contemporary feminists in Canada often point to systemic factors that allow gender division to continue in the Canadian labour market. It seems that women are compromised perhaps in their workplace performances by findings that suggest that they do continue to place greater weight on issues related to the family and their children. The culture of the workplace may have changed in women's favour, generally speaking, but their other roles do obstruct them from being as highly or as well represented in the labour force as they might be. This paper attempts to make the reader understand the causes for the gender division in the Canadian labour market.
Abstract Summary: Without the Development of the Marketplace and the Division of Labor, Our Modern Notion of Culture Would Have Been Inconceivable. Culture needs the development of the marketplace and the division of labor, but capitalism can only develop along cultural lines.
This paper discusses that the division of labor is a significant concept that involves both the process itself and the effects of the process on laborers.
Abstract This paper explains that early political economists considered the division of labor as a fundamental theoretical and practical principle, especially in industrialized, capitalist societies. The author points out that the division of labor involves the actual process of separating labor into distinct roles, which do not let the worker manufacture a completed product, but rather separates the work into dissociated roles that are picked up by different skilled and semi-skilled workers, each completing a part of the process. The paper states that the result and goal of this process is ultimately profit.
From the Paper "The relation of the division of labor to productivity and efficiency is often explicit. The first condition that must be met, though, is the quantity of the divided parts that are to be produced and assembled by workers. Without an abundance of parts at each individual work-station, the division of labor would be useless, as the product would stop being constructed at any work-area at which materials were not abundant. In this way, the division of labor evinces the same sort of potential problems faced by the individual worker who is unable to complete a project from start to finish due to a lack of materials at any certain point in the process. What is different in the division of labor, then, can be better assayed through the consideration of a successful process than the consideration of a potential problem."
Abstract This paper studies the role of entrepreneurialism within the hospitality industry, particularly the rooms division management. The paper argues that despite the current success of the industry, entrepreneurialism and initiative are essential to its continued growth. The paper begins with an overview of the field of rooms division management, which includes responsibilities over revenue management, profitability, front office operations and the lodging and guest cycle. The paper then defines entrepreneurial management as building sustainable business through a continuous process. Included in this, according to the paper, is a reliance on management teams. The paper demonstrates how these operations require an entrepreneurial mindset based on the ability to "think outside the box". Examples focus on traditional financial management and yield management.
Introduction
Entrepreneurial Thinking
Leadership vs. Management
Traditional Financial Management
Yield Management
Conclusion
From the Paper "Entrepreneurial thinking offers ways of looking for different and new solutions. For Rooms Divisions Managers, this means looking past the traditional needs for hospitality-related services and finding proactive ways to secure higher revenues both now and in the future. People in management positions must think entrepreneurially in order to improve profitability, enhance guest relations, and strengthen the establishment's position in the community (Carwright, 2002).
It takes entrepreneurial thinking to overcome obstacles before they become problems. The Rooms Divisions Manager must have superior business as well as personal strengths such as good communication skills, the ability to promote teamwork and a sense of confidence and authority (Carwright, 2002)."
Abstract This paper explains that the division of labor is a significant concept which involves both the process itself and the effects of the process on laborers. More specifically, the paper explains that the division of labor is a fundamental theoretical and practical principle that involves the actual process of separating labor into distinct roles which do not let the worker manufacture a completed product, but rather separates the work into dissociated roles which are picked up by different skilled and semi-skilled workers, each completing a part of the process.
From the Paper "The result and goal of this process is ultimately profit. And it follows that the capitalists running the production operation will use the division of labor to separate their working pools into skilled, highly-paid labor and semi-skilled, low-pay labor. Barbara Garson, realizing this conclusion, calls even the efficiency of the division of labor into question: "The main advantage of the auto assembly line to an employer is not speed but control... the requirement for control over unwilling workers shapes the division of labor at least as much as any straightforward calculation of the most efficient methods." The workers are perhaps thus unwilling because the division of labor has rendered the satisfaction possible and perhaps inherent in making a whole product from its individual parts to a more mechanistic process of manufacture in which one worker is responsible solely for a monotonously repeated process of sub-manufacture in which the worker feels naturally dissociated from the end product of his/her labors."
Abstract This paper looks at the various stages and sequence of mitosis and meiosis in cell division and reduction cell division. The paper also explains independent assortment, crossing-over and random fertilization.
From the Paper "Cell division results in two identical daughter cells, each very similar to the original parent cell. In eukaryotes cell division is carried out in two separate phases, the first phase separates the chromosomes in the nucleus and the second stage known ascytokinesis separates the cytoplasmic organelles between the two daughter cells. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in the nucleus, in the human case in diploid pairs. The somatic cells of the organism contain a full diploid number of chromosomes while the egg sand
Tags: meiosis, mitosis, independent assortment, crossing-over, random fertilization
Abstract This paper compares the thinking of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim on the division of labour and social change. It analyzes how each theorist addresses similar social political and economic issues from fundamentally distinct perspectives. The paper demonstrates a critical point of difference between the two thinkers and how that lies in their understanding of the social function of the division of labour and how, in the view of Marx, it leads to social oppression and class conflict, while in the view of the functionalist Durkheim its consequences include individualism and civilization with social solidarity as its function.
Abstract This paper examines Emile Durkheim's study of the division of labor. It discusses his interest in the impact that this specialization had on the individuals involved and how it led to problems such as anomie. The paper defines the division of labor as the separation and specialization of work among individuals and discusses Durkheim's theory of two societal levels.
From the Paper "Total anomie, or complete loss of norms, is empirically impossible, Durkheim noted. Societies may be compared by their greater or lesser degrees of normative regulations. In addition, inside any specific society, the cultural subgroups may have varying degrees of anomie influencing them. Radical social change may cause anomie either in the whole society or just some parts of it. Business crises, for example, may have a far greater impact on those on the higher reaches of the social pyramid than on the underlying population. When economic depression leads to a sudden downward trend, the individuals impacted experience a loss of moral certainty and traditional expectations no longer maintained by the group to which these men once belonged. Similarly, a quick gain of wealth may cause some people to fast upward mobility and take them away from the social support needed in their new life style."
