Abstract This paper describes an organizational communication problem in which there is a lack of adequate two-way communication between the manager and the employees during a move to another building. The author indicates that these problem was caused by an apparent breach of the so-called psychological contract and by the low importance, which is assigned to organizational communication by the manager in charge. The paper recommends that the best possible solution would be for the paranoid employee to have an open talk with his manager and ask for a clear redefinition of his position within the organization.
Table of Contents:
Describing the Situation
Identifying the Problem
Analyzing the Problem
Alternative Solutions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Thus, the 18 employees from the sales office are moved from one premise to another without being told the reason of this change. Moreover, the manager in charge arranges the desks of the targeted staff in a way that arouses suspicions. Hence, 15 of the employees are placed on one side of the "battlefield" while the other 3 are seated across the aisle. Employees know that the main reason for such placement is the fact that two members of the latter group are going to be transferred to the factory floor. Yet, nobody (and particularly the manager) thinks of the third member who is neither junior nor willing to move to the factory."
Abstract There is a strong traditional preference for local government over centralized government in the United States. This preference goes back to the beginnings of the nation and can be plainly seen in the debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. It can still be seen today in the never-ending cry of politicians to put an end to "big government." The paper shows that there is an obvious distrust for centralized government in America and its political history, and current political climate proves this time and time again. Yet what are the reasons for this preference for local government and distrust of centralized government? How can current public administrators use this information to their advantage? This paper examines and answers these questions.
From the Paper "One of the biggest problems the Anti-Federalists had with the Constitution was that it did not have a Bill of Rights to formally protect the rights of the citizens from being trampled upon by the government. The Federalists thought that such a Bill of Rights was unnecessary. They felt that the values of freedom and liberty that the nation was built upon were so well-ingrained into the hearts and minds of the people that there would be no question that these rights would be upheld by the government. The government, after all, was to be a government by the people and for the people. Further, the Federalists pointed out that the Constitution did not allow the federal government to do anything that was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution; since the Constitution did not state that the government could take away the rights of the people, the Federalists reasoned, then it could not."
Abstract This paper explains that, when it comes to internet ethics, even in the absence of legal requirements, businesses themselves must self-regulate consumer privacy. The author points out that Americans now consider the Internet to be a more important source of information than radio or television, yet they distrust its intrusive potential in their daily lives. The paper relates that, perhaps the only way to stop negative use of the internet is to prosecute those who disseminate financial and medical information obtained illegally or fraudulently and those who use such information against consumers, even if they did not obtain such information illegally.
From the Paper "Still, when Americans use something so vigorously and enthusiastically, they must trust the medium as ethical, correct? Yet despite these figures, two-thirds of the 2,096 Internet users and non-users polled believe that going online puts their privacy at risk. There is still a pervasive sense that their data may be sold or used for unscrupulous purposes, even while they use the Internet for innocent means. Thus, although Internet connections are ubiquitous to almost every workplace and home, the World Wide Web remain a tumultuous sea of uncharted ethical legal waters, in terms of consumer and user privacy as well as the regulatory issues regarding intellectual property that affect the content disseminated on the net."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that Aboriginal women in Canada suffer a long-standing distrust of Canadian police that compromises their safety and citizenship. The writer notes that like all Canadians, First Nations women need police support to deter violence and injustice against them. If they cannot turn to the police, a fundamental democratic right that they are entitled to is not functioning properly. The writer points out that this problem has been written about by Aboriginal women's groups, Canadian policing organizations, and even Amnesty International. The writer maintains that the mainstream Canadian police continue to fail Aboriginal women because they lack the imagination necessary to conquer the problems that Aboriginal women face. Or, perhaps provincial police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have a good idea, but they lack the courage to employ it. The writer concludes that in either case, all Canadian citizens would benefit from new police initiatives that work for everyone.
From the Paper "It is exceptionally difficult, even in mainstream Canadian society, for a woman to extricate herself from a situation of domestic abuse. This requires financial and legal support. It means walking away from someone she once loved, or may still love. It means turning your life upside down while working with the police to ensure her safety. This is critical: without police support, a woman is open to harassment and assaults from not just her former spouse, but from anyone."
"But what if she distrusts the police? What if the police are, in her view, just another brutal gang that may well take advantage of her? A woman in peril cannot be expected to choose the protection of an untrustworthy bunch of thugs over the thug she intends to extricate herself from. That would be compounding her problem, rather than reducing it. As one Aboriginal writer noted in The Manitoban Online, even Native women who had been severely brutalized by family members still felt less safe when police were seen on the reservation."
Abstract This paper is an analysis on the topic concerning the distinctions between 'historical explanation', 'historical interpretation', and 'historical narrative'. The focus of this analysis will be directed toward understanding Sir Karl Popper's central arguments concerning the above categories. In particular, it will be argued that for Popper historical explanation is little more than both narrative and interpretation, and more so the latter as opposed to the former. The focus in this sense will be directed toward understanding Popper's position that maintains that history as a discipline (form of explanation) will necessarily fall short of scientific criteria. The following will begin with a general overview of some of the problems of history within the context of Popper, and then proceed to analysis of 'explanation', 'interpretation', and finally, historical 'narrative'.
Abstract This paper explains that anorexia nervosa can be seen through the perspectives of a number of theoretical explanations, which often work synchronously to give a mixed picture of the condition's impetus and causes. The author points out that the sociocultural explanation focuses on how the intersection of adolescent life-stages mixes with a message put forth by society involving idealized or mythical body images. The paper relates that, in terms of treatment, the sociocultural method of theoretical explanation does not go as far as some of the other theoretical explanations of anorexia; although psychodynamic treatment programs may include sociocultural cues, it is primarily through examining motivations that anorexia nervosa is treated successfully.
From the Paper "The ideal body image has tended to wax and wane throughout history in terms of its representations: several hundred years ago in Europe, the idealized female form was curvaceous and ample, and excess weight on men denoted wealth and status. Today, however, society is putting forth a message that is quite different in its psychodynamic implications for young selves looking for perfection: thin is in, as they say, and is equated with emotional states of happiness, success, pride, and satiation. Being thin is seen as more than a physiological state by many young and old people alike: it is seen as being more of a lifestyle that connotes satiation and a general sense of fitting in with the rest of society. This is ironic domestically, as obesity levels in America continue to increase: if anyone is fitting in, it is these people."
A sociological perspective on poverty and welfare, including a sociological definition of poverty, explanations for poverty and welfare, and an evaluation of the explanations.
Abstract The paper researches the sociology of poverty and welfare. The paper identifies the conflict and individualistic and cultural perspectives in poverty and welfare, gives a description of six sociological explanations relating to the two identified perspectives of poverty and welfare, and evaluates three of the sociological explanations. Further, this paper gives a description of at least eight sociological studies of welfare and poverty, with at least four representing the different sociological perspectives, as well as four evaluations of the sociological studies. Finally, this paper provides a description of four main constraints, which could affect the work of sociologists in their study of welfare and poverty.
Statement of Thesis
Review of Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Defining elements in culture are those of language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed through generation to generation. Further culture can be separated into subgroups of material culture and nonmaterial culture. Components within a culture are inclusive of symbols, gestures, language, values, norms and sanctions, folkways and mores." Those who participate in social research or sociologists place their reliance on three main theoretical frameworks which are symbolic intereactionism which is defined in the focus on languaging and human relationship elements in intimate group settings which gives emphasis to the construction and communication by the individual through use of symbols or micro-analysis. In the thinking of today there is little disagreement that there is not an existence of a definitive in poverty that is "the" end-all in relating the meaning of the existence demonstrating the meaning of poverty. Globalization is new in the theorem arena in relation to reflect on poverty. The studies that are recent in relation to: "globalization, regionalization and their local manifestation in 'globalization' revealed an extraordinary variety of micro-social" causal factors and reasons within the framework of social processes and consequences that are of a broader nature."
Abstract This paper offers an explanation of the Federal Reserve System, otherwise known as the Fed. The paper begins with the history of the Fed, from its establishment in 1913 following an act of congress. The paper then explains how the Fed system works, its structure, management system, goals and purpose. The paper includes an explanation of some of the common terms associated with the Fed, such as the discount rate, which can increase the monetary supply and open market operations which is the tool most often used by the Fed to affect the supply of reserves in the banking system.
From the Paper "The Fed consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors and twelve Federal Reserve District Banks. Adhering to the underlying philosophy of checks and balances envisaged in the US constitution, the Congress has structured the Fed to be an independent institution within the government. The Fed, although accountable to the Congress, is insulated from political pressures in its day-to-day working, reflecting the principle that ?the people who control the country's money supply should be independent of the people who make the government's spending decisions.? ("How is the FR Structured"?)."
Abstract An assessment of some of the various anthropological explanations for cargo cults. The paper aims to reveal how the history of Melanesia itself, from colonial administration to independence, is reflected in attitudes towards and explanations of, the cargo cult phenomenon. The paper includes a number of lengthy quotes from articles related to the topic, which try to explain the origins of the cult systems and how they developed through history.
From the Paper "Few topics in the field of anthropological study have spread across academic disciplines and, through journalism, entered into popular usage as completely as the term "cargo cult". So much so, Lindstrom (1993) contends, ?from the 1950's to the 1980"s, cargo cult became the orthodox term for Melanesian social movements" (Lindstrom 1993:38). Indeed there have been claims that the term is overused, even abused, with all quasi-religious cults and "native frenzies" being labelled or re-labelled cargo cults. "Nowadays, for example, many Melanesian political movements must take care to deny explicitly that they are any sort of cargo cult"."
This paper discusses whether domestic interest groups are the principal explanation for the international economic policies adopted by countries. This paper is relevant to political economy, international relations, and political science studies.
Abstract This paper shows that domestic interest groups are not the principal explanation of foreign economic policies. There are other variables that are relatively important, such as domestic state actors, domestic institutions, and internationalization. First, the paper reviews the domestic interest group explanation, highlighting its explanatory strength and weakness. Second, the paper demonstrates that there is a domestic political process behind the formation of international economic policies, in which state actors and institutions play important roles. Third, the paper discusses the effects of internationalization on domestic politics and mentions the Putnam two-level game as a framework to move beyond the state-societal and domestic-international distinctions that give primacy to one explanatory factor. Prior to concluding remarks, the paper also notes the influence of exogenous factors, in particular, major crises. Finally, the paper provides concluding remarks.
From the Paper "Political coalitions and cleavages could form based on factoral, sectoral or firm based interests. Ronald Rogowski (1989) grounds his analysis in the Stolper-Samuelson model to argue that factors that gain and lose from international trade flows form distinct political coalitions that mark the political cleavages domestically. Therefore the level of trade, given endowments of labor, land and capital, generate predictable shifts in the domestic political cleavages. Jeffry Frieden (1991) and Peter Gourevitch (1986) provide specific factor models in which coalitions are based on sectors rather than factors of production. Politics will pit towards cleavages such as those between producers of nontradables and tradables or multinational and national firms. Coalitions can also rest on firm interests and their convergence with one another. Helen Milner (1988) argues that different degrees of export dependence by firms affect preferences towards international foreign policies."
Abstract This paper examines Social Disorganization Theory as an explanation of homicide. The explanation is delineated and criticisms of the theory are discussed. The paper concludes that the theory is sound in explaining homicide but insufficient in explaining several phenomena associated with homicide.
From the Paper "Siegel states that there are several theoretical explanations for homicide but that none is definitive primarily because of difficulties associated with empirical research on homicide ..."
An explanation of multiple definitions of marketing along with explanations of the critical nature of marketing to the success of a business organization.
Abstract This paper provides information about the concept of marketing. It includes multiple definitions of marketing along with explanations of the critical nature of marketing to the success of a business organization. The paper includes marketing concepts from a macro-economic and micro-economic perspective. Furthermore, it details recent examples of successful marketing ventures by well-known business organizations.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Defining Marketing
Definition of Marketing
Significance of Marketing in Organizational Success
Conclusion
From the Paper "Marketing aspects and activities permeate almost every faction of an individual's life. From televised commercials, newspaper and magazine advertisements to product branding, marketing materials are constantly visible to consumers. Marketing material is extremely high profile because marketing is a critical part of an organization's success. This paper provides multiple definitions of marketing and examples of successful marketing ventures in the business arena. This paper also addresses the vital nature of marketing to the success of an organization."
Abstract The paper provides a brief definition of the rational choice theory and argues that the theory, while plausible, is far too laden with masculine, patriarchal assumptions to be an effective explanation for female crime. The paper shows how females have been constrained historically by patriarchal forces and concludes that this is sufficient proof that the theory functions better as an explanation for male criminal behavior than for female criminal behavior.
From the Paper "Simply put, rational choice theory holds that criminals are rational or "purposive" actors who calculate the relative benefits and costs of committing an act and make a decision which they believe will maximize the utility of their (criminal) actions. According to at least one online source, rational choice theory also posits that the alternatives available to any actor or group of actors is necessarily constrained by the environment and by the institutions within which they make their decisions. In the end, it appears as though rational choice theory posits that criminals select certain victims and/or certain types of crime because they feel the reward is sufficient to justify the risk or the risk is low enough that the "lure" of the reward becomes over-mastering (O'Connor 2005)."
Abstract This paper discusses how, after break-up of the Yugoslav state, many explanations and theories have been put forward; some plausible, others merely a product of propaganda or ignorance of the true underlying issues. It looks at how one explanation has been that the lack of a strong, unifying leader, combined with the long-standing ethnic hatred amongst the groups, led unavoidably to the break-up. The paper also examines how others argue that unscrupulous, power-hungry politicians manipulated the masses to their own ends. In addition, the paper discusses how it has been put forward that part of the blame must be laid at the door of the international community, whose actions, at best haphazard and at worst negligent, have certainly lengthened and exacerbated the conflict.
From the Paper "An alternative theory argues that the conflict was cunningly engineered by politicians like Milosevic and Trudjman, attempting to gain power in the vacuum left after Tito . They argue that the break-up of Yugoslavia wasn't inevitable; on the contrary, these people had peacefully co-existed for decades, and that Yugoslavia was "deliberately and systematically killed off by men who had nothing to gain and everything to lose" . To substantiate their claim, they point to the manipulation by Milosevic of Serb nationalism and the local media, using propaganda and scare-mongering as tactics to create a "greater Serbia". Not to be outdone, Trudjman in Croatia employed similar methods."
Abstract This paper defines what a search engine is and explains how various search engines work. There is a search engine glossary which provides an explanation of the various search methods and an evaluation of some of the bigger search engines on the Internet.
From the Paper "As defined by an online encyclopedia called Webopedia, a search engine is "a program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although search engine is really a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USENET newsgroups"1. In a logistical sense, a search engine acts like a warehouse. The following demonstrates how web pages are found and indexed, then stored like inventory until a user requests the keyword(s) or subject found in those particular web pages."
