Abstract
The paper lists various factors by which investors can be influenced by the corporations in which they invest. The paper analyzes each factor to demonstrate that this behavior is a form of over reaction. In conclusion, the writer states that investors do not realize that their behavior could influence the market for which they are working and that in the process of over reaction, they create external forces that can lead back to them, making them vulnerable to the same factors they want to avoid.

Table of Contents:
Downsizing
Fidgety Shareholders
Resource Management
Governance
Liquidity
Hedging
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"In addition to financial information conveyed in the layoff signal, investors view firms' governance practices as important information to help them assess the "bottom-line" results of the announced layoff strategy. In capital market theory, the stock market's reaction to an announced event reflects all available information. However, management has an information advantage over investors by knowing how much effort it actually intends to put into the short- and long-term activities that will create current and future earnings. Such information asymmetries can compromise the accuracy of investors' evaluation of managers' strategies. Valuable inside information influences the content of the signal that firms convey in announcements to investors. Besides signaling, firms use layoff announcements as a form of impression management by attempting to "make work force reductions appear proactive rather than reactive" This implies that investors may receive inaccurate or incomplete information about how management intends to execute and implement its layoff strategy."

Tags:governance, shareholder, strategy

Abstract
This paper outlines two levels of analysis that an adviser to a Middle Eastern leader might advance to illuminate American foreign policy. The paper employs the Gramscian (Hegemonic) and Marxist-Leninist levels of analysis because they are effective in leading a foreign leader towards the realization that powerful interest groups in America must also be placated - not just the president.

From the Paper
"There are two levels of analysis that, more so than any others, allow the careful observer to understand why America has embarked on the path it has chosen. These levels of analysis are Hegemony and the Marxist-Leninist explication for international relations and actions. With these epistemological tools uppermost in mind, the following brief paper will outline how an adviser to a Middle Eastern president can guide his leader towards making informed choices about dealing with America."

Tags:gramsci, interests, diplomacy

Abstract
This paper looks at how different theories would explain raping; the consensus vs. conflict model, and discusses how the theories of Sutherland and Tarde explain the effects of mass media violence.

From the Paper
"In criminology there are two models of crime, the consensus model and the conflict model. Under the consensus model the majority of citizens in a society share the same values, beliefs and morals and criminal acts are those that conflict with these values and beliefs and are deemed harmful to society. In sociological terms, this is the structural functionalist view which emphasizes harmony, consensus and cooperation. Sociological Functionalists see society from a macro sociological point of view."

Tags:structural functionalism, conflict theory

Abstract
This paper presents several sociological and criminological theories, including Labeling, Differential Association, Control, Strain and Differential Opportunity theories to explain crime in the United States. The paper argues that citizen involvement must increase in order to decrease crime. Those who are labeled fall into a niche of secondary deviance and will continue to commit crimes. The paper shows the difference between white and blue collar crime. Anomie and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) are also looked at in detail.

From the Paper
"Now labeled and ostracized by the public, the person begins to view this label as central to their identity and the label soon becomes the person's master status. So what can this person possibly do? Society has shunned them, they no longer feel connected with the regular community and they are most likely to be completely enveloped by this little label. An option that often comes up is for the person to join a deviant subculture and be around others with similar labels."

Tags:criminology, Edwin, Sutherland, Hirschi, Merton

Abstract
This paper looks at many of the theories that have been used to help explain the persistence of gangs in America and why so many youths are attracted to gang life. The paper also describes what are considered to be strong predictors of gang involvement and what types of programs exist in the United States to deal with the problem of gangs.

From the Paper
"Gangs have been in the United States since the late 1800's. The first gangs were immigrants trying to acclimate to this new world. The streets of New York were infested with violence and crime. The gangs governed the streets. Gangs fought amongst one another for control and power. The most powerful gang controlled the revenue of the township. Gangs were greedy and would do anything to capitalize on those who feared them. There was mayhem and disorder. Things were so far out of control. Finally, the military was called to intervene. They had to take drastic measures to gain order. The military was successful in their efforts and a more civilized community was restored."

Tags:citizens, disregard, law, wild, rebelled, authority, society, joining, terrorize, communities, crime, levels, cities

Abstract
This paper reviews the article "The nonlinear effects of parental and teacher attachment on delinquency: Disentangling strain from social control explanations" by Thaxton and Agnew.

From the Paper
""The nonlinear effects of parental and teacher attachment on delinquency. Disentangling strain from social control explanations" by Thaxton and Agnew. The following presents a summary of this article as it relates to control theory. The core theme is identified and the organization, contribution and significance of the article are noted. This is followed by a discussion of the article's significance for the longstanding criminological debate on agency and structure. Thaxton and Agnew presented an investigation of parental and teacher attachment effects on delinquency."

Tags:nonlinear, effects, of, parental, and, teacher, attachment, on, delinquency, Disentangling, strain, from, social, control, explanations

Abstract
In this paper the author provides a brief overview of the past and present explanations of involuntary minority academic success and failure and then argues that the presently accepted sociolinguistic and cultural-ecological theories do not adequately explain the variability in involuntary minority academic success. Subsequently, the author proposes an alternative explanation of involuntary minority academic success and failure based on the ability of the local school to institute measures which develop a sense of trust -- or at least an abeyance of distrust--in the school and school authority held by involuntary minority students, parents, and community. Using the posited explanation as a basis for discussion, the author then proceeds to describe how current educational practices at the local school site contribute to involuntary minority academic failure through the development of involuntary minority distrust of the school. Within this discussion, the author also proposes some strategies, which schools can employ to increase achievement of involuntary minority students by justifying the development of a sense of trust in the school within the involuntary minority community.

Outline
Explanations of Involuntary Minority Low Achievement
Trust as a Critical Variable in Involuntary Minority Academic Success
Parent Participation
Teacher Self-Efficacy and Expectations
Multicultural Curriculum and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
Meaningful Curriculum
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the early years of the twentieth century, significant concerns have existed about the academic and social problems encountered by minority students in the schooling process (Ogbu, 1991; Tyack, 1974). These concerns have, once again, become a prominent issue among educators and politicians as the result of a multitude of demographic studies indicating students of color will comprise a majority of our school-aged population in the foreseeable future. In studying the ubiquitous disparity in academic achievement between minority and non-minority students over the past decades, however, anthropologists and educators have identified a distinct variability in the academic success between two discrete subgroups within the minority school population: the first subpopulation consists of those minority groups which have voluntarily emigrated from their original society to a different society, while the second subpopulation consists of those minority groups which, because of slavery, conquest, or colonization, did not voluntarily choose to become members of a particular society (Ogbu, 1991). Within the United States, the first subpopulation, described as voluntary minorities, would consist of groups such as Europeans, Central and South Americans, and Asians. The second subpopulation, described as involuntary minorities, would include primarily African Americans, Native Americans, and many Hispanic Americans.1 A large and growing body of research has documented that voluntary minority students tend to academically outperform their involuntary minority counterparts in a number of different settings, including in the United States (Ogbu, 1991)."

Tags:african, american, hispanic, native, problems, social, student, cultural, ecological

Abstract
There is a strong traditional preference for local government over centralized government in the United States. This preference goes back to the beginnings of the nation and can be plainly seen in the debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. It can still be seen today in the never-ending cry of politicians to put an end to "big government." The paper shows that there is an obvious distrust for centralized government in America and its political history, and current political climate proves this time and time again. Yet what are the reasons for this preference for local government and distrust of centralized government? How can current public administrators use this information to their advantage? This paper examines and answers these questions.

From the Paper
"One of the biggest problems the Anti-Federalists had with the Constitution was that it did not have a Bill of Rights to formally protect the rights of the citizens from being trampled upon by the government. The Federalists thought that such a Bill of Rights was unnecessary. They felt that the values of freedom and liberty that the nation was built upon were so well-ingrained into the hearts and minds of the people that there would be no question that these rights would be upheld by the government. The government, after all, was to be a government by the people and for the people. Further, the Federalists pointed out that the Constitution did not allow the federal government to do anything that was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution; since the Constitution did not state that the government could take away the rights of the people, the Federalists reasoned, then it could not."

Tags:colonies, Crown, Confederation, Founding, Fathers

Abstract
This essay discusses the actions of the King in Shakespeare's "King Lear," and how his narcissism, distrust for those closest to him and descent into madness lead the King to divide rule of the fictional, ancient England. The paper explores how this solitary act effectively destroys the
body politic of England. The essay argues that it is the unnatural passing of power that destroys the social order of England and that the kingdom will not easily recover from the mess King Lear has created. Further, the paper argues that the play implies that the only act that could save England would be replacing the brutal leaders with a single, worthy king.

From the Paper
"It is only too late that Lear realizes he gave power to those who would seek to destroy him and pushed away those he should have put faith in. The treacherous acts of those around him, the shunning of those he should trust, and the descent into madness that King Lear experiences effectively destroy the Body Politic as well as the lives of the characters."

Tags:Shakespeare, King Lear, Body Politic

Abstract
This paper describes an organizational communication problem in which there is a lack of adequate two-way communication between the manager and the employees during a move to another building. The author indicates that these problem was caused by an apparent breach of the so-called psychological contract and by the low importance, which is assigned to organizational communication by the manager in charge. The paper recommends that the best possible solution would be for the paranoid employee to have an open talk with his manager and ask for a clear redefinition of his position within the organization.

Table of Contents:
Describing the Situation
Identifying the Problem
Analyzing the Problem
Alternative Solutions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Thus, the 18 employees from the sales office are moved from one premise to another without being told the reason of this change. Moreover, the manager in charge arranges the desks of the targeted staff in a way that arouses suspicions. Hence, 15 of the employees are placed on one side of the "battlefield" while the other 3 are seated across the aisle. Employees know that the main reason for such placement is the fact that two members of the latter group are going to be transferred to the factory floor. Yet, nobody (and particularly the manager) thinks of the third member who is neither junior nor willing to move to the factory."

Tags:distrust explanations, psychological contract, cognitive dissonance, redefinition