Abstract There is a strong traditional preference for local government over centralized government in the United States. This preference goes back to the beginnings of the nation and can be plainly seen in the debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. It can still be seen today in the never-ending cry of politicians to put an end to "big government." The paper shows that there is an obvious distrust for centralized government in America and its political history, and current political climate proves this time and time again. Yet what are the reasons for this preference for local government and distrust of centralized government? How can current public administrators use this information to their advantage? This paper examines and answers these questions.
From the Paper "One of the biggest problems the Anti-Federalists had with the Constitution was that it did not have a Bill of Rights to formally protect the rights of the citizens from being trampled upon by the government. The Federalists thought that such a Bill of Rights was unnecessary. They felt that the values of freedom and liberty that the nation was built upon were so well-ingrained into the hearts and minds of the people that there would be no question that these rights would be upheld by the government. The government, after all, was to be a government by the people and for the people. Further, the Federalists pointed out that the Constitution did not allow the federal government to do anything that was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution; since the Constitution did not state that the government could take away the rights of the people, the Federalists reasoned, then it could not."
Abstract This paper explains that, when it comes to internet ethics, even in the absence of legal requirements, businesses themselves must self-regulate consumer privacy. The author points out that Americans now consider the Internet to be a more important source of information than radio or television, yet they distrust its intrusive potential in their daily lives. The paper relates that, perhaps the only way to stop negative use of the internet is to prosecute those who disseminate financial and medical information obtained illegally or fraudulently and those who use such information against consumers, even if they did not obtain such information illegally.
From the Paper "Still, when Americans use something so vigorously and enthusiastically, they must trust the medium as ethical, correct? Yet despite these figures, two-thirds of the 2,096 Internet users and non-users polled believe that going online puts their privacy at risk. There is still a pervasive sense that their data may be sold or used for unscrupulous purposes, even while they use the Internet for innocent means. Thus, although Internet connections are ubiquitous to almost every workplace and home, the World Wide Web remain a tumultuous sea of uncharted ethical legal waters, in terms of consumer and user privacy as well as the regulatory issues regarding intellectual property that affect the content disseminated on the net."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that Aboriginal women in Canada suffer a long-standing distrust of Canadian police that compromises their safety and citizenship. The writer notes that like all Canadians, First Nations women need police support to deter violence and injustice against them. If they cannot turn to the police, a fundamental democratic right that they are entitled to is not functioning properly. The writer points out that this problem has been written about by Aboriginal women's groups, Canadian policing organizations, and even Amnesty International. The writer maintains that the mainstream Canadian police continue to fail Aboriginal women because they lack the imagination necessary to conquer the problems that Aboriginal women face. Or, perhaps provincial police and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police have a good idea, but they lack the courage to employ it. The writer concludes that in either case, all Canadian citizens would benefit from new police initiatives that work for everyone.
From the Paper "It is exceptionally difficult, even in mainstream Canadian society, for a woman to extricate herself from a situation of domestic abuse. This requires financial and legal support. It means walking away from someone she once loved, or may still love. It means turning your life upside down while working with the police to ensure her safety. This is critical: without police support, a woman is open to harassment and assaults from not just her former spouse, but from anyone."
"But what if she distrusts the police? What if the police are, in her view, just another brutal gang that may well take advantage of her? A woman in peril cannot be expected to choose the protection of an untrustworthy bunch of thugs over the thug she intends to extricate herself from. That would be compounding her problem, rather than reducing it. As one Aboriginal writer noted in The Manitoban Online, even Native women who had been severely brutalized by family members still felt less safe when police were seen on the reservation."
From the Paper "This study will compare and contrast the beliefs, theories and philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke as expressed in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Government. The study will argue that the basic difference between the two philosophers is Hobbes' distrust of the people and Locke's relatively greater trust of the people and distrust of the government's power and the likelihood of the abuse of that power.
Hobbes' political philosophy aims at ensuring civil order, which means for him the absolute power of the government, or the Leviathan, which power the people have given him through the social contract. Locke, on the other hand, keeps much more power in the hands of the people through the legislature, which means, in effect, majority rule. Locke was also deeply concerned with maintaining the rights of the people, especially the right to own ..."
Abstract In this paper the author provides a brief overview of the past and present explanations of involuntary minority academic success and failure and then argues that the presently accepted sociolinguistic and cultural-ecological theories do not adequately explain the variability in involuntary minority academic success. Subsequently, the author proposes an alternative explanation of involuntary minority academic success and failure based on the ability of the local school to institute measures which develop a sense of trust -- or at least an abeyance of distrust--in the school and school authority held by involuntary minority students, parents, and community. Using the posited explanation as a basis for discussion, the authorl then proceeds to describe how current educational practices at the local school site contribute to involuntary minority academic failure through the development of involuntary minority distrust of the school. Within this discussion, the author also proposes some strategies, which schools can employ to increase achievement of involuntary minority students by justifying the development of a sense of trust in the school within the involuntary minority community.
Outline
Explanations of Involuntary Minority Low Achievement
Trust as a Critical Variable in Involuntary Minority Academic Success
Parent Participation
Teacher Self-Efficacy and Expectations
Multicultural Curriculum and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
Meaningful Curriculum
Conclusion
From the Paper "Since the early years of the twentieth century, significant concerns have existed about the academic and social problems encountered by minority students in the schooling process (Ogbu, 1991; Tyack, 1974). These concerns have, once again, become a prominent issue among educators and politicians as the result of a multitude of demographic studies indicating students of color will comprise a majority of our school-aged population in the foreseeable future. In studying the ubiquitous disparity in academic achievement between minority and non-minority students over the past decades, however, anthropologists and educators have identified a distinct variability in the academic success between two discrete subgroups within the minority school population: the first subpopulation consists of those minority groups which have voluntarily emigrated from their original society to a different society, while the second subpopulation consists of those minority groups which, because of slavery, conquest, or colonization, did not voluntarily choose to become members of a particular society (Ogbu, 1991). Within the United States, the first subpopulation, described as voluntary minorities, would consist of groups such as Europeans, Central and South Americans, and Asians. The second subpopulation, described as involuntary minorities, would include primarily African Americans, Native Americans, and many Hispanic Americans.1 A large and growing body of research has documented that voluntary minority students tend to academically outperform their involuntary minority counterparts in a number of different settings, including in the United States (Ogbu, 1991)."
This paper discusses the identity of the African American and the way in which all individuals should be accepted as they are, with reference to the Invisible Man, author Ralph Ellison, August Wilson's play Fences, Corregidora by Gayl Jones and...
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 0 sources, 2001, $ 91.95
Abstract The following paper attempts to show how the identity of man is accepted or not, by the society within which he lives. The author makes reference to several novels and plays in order to show the challenge involved in communicating across our barriers of race and religion, class, color and region. He cites August Wilson's play Fences where he expores three generations of African-American men and the generational changes of each man from the Reconstruction Era to the late 1950's. In the other works examined he discusses the acceptance of individuals within a society, family identity and black masculinity.
From the paper:
?Go Tell It to the Mountain is Baldwin's examination into his own family, one that's more introspective, bound nonetheless by personal experiences. In the novel Florence shares some of Ursa's perception of love and men. Florence is unable to love because she's jealous of her brother Gabriel, whom their mother devoted her attention upon; the affect of her friend's Deborah's rape; and Gabriel's apparent life of debauchery. She believes all men are distrustful, driven by lust, desiring control of their women. Surprisingly, Deborah married a man to secure the material comforts she never had in life; in fact, she's become rather obsessive about materialism, preferring it to the humanism that she has discarded from herself. Her hostility toward men, particularly Gabriel, has sterilized her own happiness. The theme of sterility threatens family foundations, especially with Gabriel.?
Abstract This essay reviews ?The Dubliners,? as a story not only about the Irish who live in Dublin, but as a story of a people with a long heritage, rooted in their beliefs and their religion. It is the story of the power of religion, not only over the people, but also over the entire country. The author claims that Joyce's distrust, dislike, and censure of the Catholic Church is critical to the very core of the book.
From the Paper "James Augustine Joyce was born in a wealthy Dublin suburb in 1882. "The Joyce family was initially well off as Dublin merchants with bloodlines that connected them to old Irish nobility in the country" (Borey). He was one of ten children.James attended an expensive Jesuit boys" school, which he later wrote about in "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man." However, his father tended to spend money lavishly and was often unemployed and the family fortune dwindled. He still associated with his wealthier friends, but the family moved often, and much of his time he spent on the streets. Financial woes continued throughout Joyce's boyhood. They followed him throughout his college life at University College in Dublin. They were there throughout his career, and often he would not have survived without the patronage of others.?
Abstract This paper analyzes James Thurber's novels "The Unicorn" and "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", both of which tell the tale of disintegrating relationships and distrust between husband and wife and shows how the terrible relationships and the awful marriages that existed between these two couples in the novels pushed both men to drastically take their lives into their own hands. It examines how both books prove James Thurber's disdain for marriage in his creation of two characters bordering on some form of mental incapacity in order to rid themselves of their wives.
From the Paper "The most lasting, permanent relationship that exists in one's life is the relationship between husband and wife. While the bond that exists between parents and their children is strong, children do grow up, and begin their own lives, most often leaving the home of their parents. Before children come into the picture, marriages exist, and after the children leave, marriages remain. If a marriage is strong, there is a certain advantage the couple have over a failing marriage. Strong relationships, strong marriages, benefit the couple in their lives everyday, leading to the conclusion that poor marriages must cause certain detriment and despair in the lives of the couple."
This paper discusses organizational and performance benefits of employee autonomy: Reduction of sick leave, turnover, dissatisfaction, burnout, accidents, distrust and stress.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 17 sources, 1994, $ 87.95
From the Paper ".... report that in the early years of Industrial Psychology, the dominant perspective was that organizational inefficiency resulted from the fact that workers were both given a job to perform and allowed to decide how the job should be done. In other words, the belief was that employee or job autonomy decreased performance and productivity and thereby had a negative impact on organizations.
However, the authors note, that existing research slowly and steadily indicated that this view of employee autonomy was incorrect and that, rather than being a negative, autonomy was strongly linked to both organizational and performance benefits. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current research on employee autonomy in an effort to answer two research questions: ... "
Abstract The paper provides an overview of Russia's bid to change from a communist to a capitalist economy.The paper discusses how its antiquated infrastructure presents major, but not insurmountable problems for the Russian people and their economy. As the infrastructure improves, the author of the paper believes that there will be more foreign investment and a greater infusion of foreign ideas and technologies. The paper shows that building up the infrastructure is not the only task facing the new Russia. Old ways of thinking frequently get in the way of modern capitalism. The paper examines how centuries of Tsarism, followed by an even more oppressive communism, have inculcated in the minds of the Russian people a distrust for authority, and yet, at the same time, a complete reliance upon it. They have developed a herd mentality, while at the same time each individual tries to be the one antelope who snatches the extra blade of grass. The paper shows how an inefficient regulation and an overly personal political and governmental structure mean that Russia, even after all these years, is still, in the main, a society built upon direct personal bonds. The paper suggests that the Russian Federation has great potential, but first it must move forward into the Twenty-first Century and into the heart of the Western World.
From the Paper "According to the American steel producers, its Russian counterparts are stuck in a system that is midway between that of a state supported and state run system, and that of a free market economy. Often, Federation steel mills do not have to actually even pay for their supplies. They may simply barter for what they need. Furthermore, financial concerns are wholly different for the Russian manufacturer. Wages, taxes, and even suppliers? bills frequently go unpaid, and in spite of all this, there is little fear of bankruptcy. All of this is just the normal Russian way of doing business, an inheritance of more than sixty years of hard-line communism. One might call it the "lazy" faire way of doing business. With no profit motive, and no competitive impetus, Russian manufacturers operated solely under the guidelines of government bureaucrats."
Abstract "Nineteen Eighty-Four" revolves around Orwell's distrust and his fear of the government and Orwell uses extreme examples of a fictitious government that is run by a single ?Party.? This paper shows how Orwell emphasizes the power of the government and the apathy of the people to send a warning out to readers. It shows how the absolute and corrupt power of the government, multiplied by the indifference of the people of Oceania, serves as an alarm.
From the Paper "Orwell was careful not to give a specific name to the Party besides its rather generic identification of ?The Party.? He does this for two reasons. The first is so the reader can identify with any party and any government, as they all have the potential to become what is in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The second reason draws into the Party's power. The simple title shows how the Party is seen as a dominating force. It no longer needs a title, as God does not need a title. God is simply ?God,? as the Party is simply ?The Party.? The reader sees how the Party first destroys love like with Winston and Julia, destroys the family, and then in their absence creates Big Brother, a new family for the citizens of Oceania. The Party then becomes an all-knowing, all-powerful presence over the people"the Party becomes God. Once the Party becomes God, they secure their power by creating what Orwell fears most"War, Slavery, and Ignorance, the three pillars of the Party."
Abstract Examines the practice of African-Americans & other minorities targeted by law enforcement officials. Cites incidents, statistics. Discusses issues of civil liberties, Fourth Amendment, court decisions, police brutality, reduction of drime by targeting high-crime minority neighborhoods, environment of distrust between law enforcement & minorities.
From the Paper "In 1999 racial profiling became a national concern. Racial profiling is a practice of using race as the primary indicator of criminal behavior to stop or arrest individuals from minority groups (Barovick; Getlin). According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), African-Americans and other minority groups have been unfairly targeted by law enforcement officials. For example, in a Maryland case filed against the state troopers, plaintiffs claimed that even though African-Americans constituted only 17 percent of the drivers driving on I-95, 70 percent of the drivers pulled over were African-American. On the other hand, state troopers only pulled over 23 percent of the white drivers who made up 75 percent of the drivers (Barovick). Even though law enforcement denies the existence of racial profiling, it originates from the government's "war on drugs." One of the..."
Abstract Examines violence and tensions of the area in 2001. Israel-Palestinian conflict. Background. The new intifada. Replacement of conflict resolution with crisis management as approach. Distrust on both sides of the conflict. Underlying problems. Uprisings and resistance. Mounting terrorism. Arafat's approach. Peres' approach. Role of the U.S. government. Sense of hopelessness.
From the Paper "THE MIDDLE EAST IN CRISIS:
WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD?
At no time since Israel was proclaimed a sovereign and independent state more than half-a-century ago has the future of the Middle East looked so bleak and deadly. Since new violence erupted last October between Israel on the one hand and the Palestinians on the other, a new intifada has evolved on a sustained basis. Thus, crisis management has replaced conflict resolution as the prevailing approach for dealing with trouble in this chronic hot spot (Simon, 2001, p. 31).
An underlying problem is the Palestinian unwillingness or inability to "abandon … its founding claim … that Palestinians displaced by Israel in 1948 be allowed to return home" (Zakaria 2001 2). Of course, Israel similarly has steadfastly refused to recognize the right ..."
Abstract Approximately 12 percent of America's population is without any formal health care insurance coverage, although some estimates of this proportion are higher. The research problem investigated in this study concerns minority access to health care. The central issue in the study is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients. The paper begins with a review of health care delivery problems for minority population groups, which is followed by a consideration of the HIV-AIDS issue among minority population groups. The primary focus of this assessment is on health care outcomes.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
From the Paper "In the 1990s, one initiative designed to broaden access to health care services needs for the nation's indigent involved the development of nurse-managed clinics targeting low-income persons. A nurse practitioner is a specially educated and trained nurse who provides some level of health care directly to patients without supervision by a physician.
Nurse managed clinics for the indigent are prominent in the nation's inner cities. Nurse managed clinics such as those associated with the Kellogg Homeless Project in Washington, the Pine Street Inn in Boston, and the Los Angeles School of Nursing Health Center are delivering health care services to indigent persons at cost savings (compared to more traditional delivery venues) and in areas that would not otherwise be served by health care professionals (Sharp, 1992; Lutz, 1991)."
Abstract Approximately 12 percent of the American population is without any formal health care insurance coverage. The research problem investigated in this paper concerns minority access to health care. The central issue is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Structure
Method [Focus on Outcomes]
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
Delivery
Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "Decisions made by health care professionals in the conduct of practice typically are reached within the context of an ethical framework (Marty, 1992). Clinical ethics is defined as the systematic identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical problems associated with the care of particular patients (Zuckerman, 1994). The goals of clinical ethics include protecting the rights and interests of patients, assisting clinicians in ethical decision-making, and encouraging cooperative relationships among patients and those close to patients, clinicians, and health care institutions. Important in the definition of clinical ethics is an emphasis on clinicians, not only physicians, thus underscoring the fact that clinical ethics needs to be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that encompasses the range of clinician expertise involved in patient care."
