Abstract
"The Contradictory Nature of Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum" is a six page paper about The Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum. It talks about the contradictory nature and its negation of itself, specifically in the idea of the law of "custom." Through the ancient canons and authorities, Gratian's own magisterial commentary and the ordinary gloss (outlined in the margins of the text), one can take that the laws of Gratian's Decretum were gray, to say the least, despite the authoritative perception of such laws.

From the Paper
The Contradictory Nature of Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum is interesting to me in its contradictory nature and its negation of itself, specifically in the idea of the law of "custom." Through the ancient canons and authorities, Gratian's own magisterial commentary and the ordinary gloss (outlined in the margins of the text), one can take that the laws of Gratian's Decretum were gray, to say the least, despite the authoritative perception of such laws. In this grayness we can look inside a cryptic space that offers us an example of how laws of faith, custom and the politics in between these two words were conducted. Perhaps Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum

Tags:philosophy, gratian, decretum

Abstract
This paper examines the basic tenets of the transcendental aesthetic which lead Kant to arrive at the noumena and phenomena distinction. What will be outlined in the following, are the analytical arguments which go into constructing the claim that all knowledge has for it, objects which are within space, and are within time. Thus, knowledge is determined apriori by the categories of space and time. However, both space and time are not solely rational in terms of their apriori but also empirical. Phrased in different terms, these categories are also empirical.

Tags:kant

Abstract
The paper focuses on the Sixth of Rene Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" where Descartes claims that: "It is certain that I am really distinct from my body, and can exist without it" (Descartes 2002, p.17). This paper reveals that this claim is made as but one stage in a complex argument that began from a position of radical scepticism, and moved towards a proof for the existence of material things and ultimately God. The premises that underlie this claim are critically examined in order to better understand the dualism that lies at the core of Descartes' thinking.

From the Paper
"In the Sixth of his "Meditations on First Philosophy", Rene Descartes claims that: "it is certain that I am really distinct from my body, and can exist without it" (Descartes 2002, p.17). As this essay will reveal, this claim is made as but one stage in a complex argument that began from a position of radical scepticism, and moved towards a proof for the existence of material things and ultimately God. The premises that underlie this claim will be critically examined in order to better understand the dualism that lies at the core of Descartes' thinking."

Tags:mind, body, thought

Abstract
This paper firstly evaluates and engages critically and in detail with Krashen's learning/acquisition hypothesis. Having established that it does not meet the criteria of the scientific method, and having demonstrated where Krashen's assertions are not supported by research or not testable, it concludes that Krashen's hypothesis is invalid. The paper then moves on to consider other theorists that posit a similar distinction, such as Bialystok, Anderson, McLaughlin and others. It discusses concepts of explicit and implicit knowledge and learning, procedural knowledge and automaticity. Finally, the central concepts of cognitive linguistics are summarised and the results of such research examined for implications for the learning/acquisition distinction. Some such distinctions are shown to be valid. Methodological implications are then discussed.

From the Paper
"To test the validity of the distinction between language acquisition and learning, it will be necessary firstly to define validity criteria for such a hypothesis. Several hypotheses discuss different types of linguistic knowledge, but not all do so using the terms acquisition and learning. Therefore we must consider whether any of them, despite the difference in terminology, relate to the acquisition-learning distinction. These hypotheses will then be evaluated in terms of the defined validity criteria. As this distinction can be argued to be cognitive in nature, and as most of these theories take a cognitive approach to SLA, a discussion of the distinguishing features of such approaches will show how they shed new light on the nature of language learning, and on the distinction between acquisition and learning in particular. Finally, we will discuss the implications of the validity of the acquisition-learning distinction for teaching. "

Tags:cognitive, linguistics, explicit, and, implicit, knowledge

Abstract
This essay aims to show that there can be no moral distinction made between active and passive euthanasia. The writer presents the arguments towards making such a distinction, carried out by both the opponents and proponents of euthanasia, and exposes such arguments as spurious. The writer also shows how the AMA's criminalization of active euthanasia is riddled with the same incoherent logic. The paper shows why passive euthanasia is usually preferred, where the agents convince themselves that they are less culpable. But this is shown to be a result of muddled thinking, and usually leads to the more cruel option being taken.

From the Paper
"A common concession made by the opponents of euthanasia is that passive euthanasia may be allowed. However, as this essay argues, it is not possible to distinguish morally between active and passive euthanasia. If there is any difference between the two it can only be of interest to lawyers, because the law does distinguish between killing and letting die. The essay also goes on to expose the fallacy contained in the ruling of the American Medical Association which criminalizes active euthanasia, and thereby condones the passive form. It shows how that the same ruling of the AMA defines euthanasia through the mode of intention, and that by this criterion both active and passive euthanasia contain the same intention, that of terminating the life of the patient.
"From purely philosophical considerations, there is nothing to distinguish between the active and passive forms of euthanasia. To emphasize intention we may consider two cases in which a daughter murders her father in order to come into inheritance."

Tags:mercy, killing, compassion, willful, coma, life, support, machine

Abstract
In his "Theory of Moral Sentiments", Adam Smith argues that our tendency to admire the rich and ignore the poor leads to distinction of ranks and laments that this is the biggest cause of corruption in our moral sentiments. This paper examines this statement and takes a position on it.

Abstract
This paper attempts to shed light on the issue of the quality of tourism and the satisfaction of tourism customers. In an effort to better understand this issue, the paper examines the difference between satisfaction and service quality from a global vs. transactional viewpoint. The paper also looks at how differences in comparison standards and actual experiences also affect the satisfaction of tourism customers and the quality of service.

Difference between Satisfaction and Service Quality Based on Global vs.
Transactional Viewpoint
Differences Based on Comparison Standards
Differences Based on Actual Experiences
Differences Based on Other Factors
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Tourism, as an industry that transcends several other industries in their own right, is difficult to quantify. Added to that, there is the problem of the consumer. Because of the variety of inputs to any tourist experience (Cater, 1995, p. 20+), and the variety of experiences a tourist may bring to travel, what constitutes quality for one tourist in one situation will be very different from what constitutes quality for another in the same or a different situation."

Tags:international, countries, territories, industry, product, attributes, attitudes, multidimensionality

Abstract
Despite being enslaved, having their African culture all but eradicated, and being discriminated against, African-Americans have proven themselves loyal to their nation by serving in many of the United States' wars. This paper examines the role that African-American soldiers played in American military history, starting with the Revolutionary War and ending with the Vietnam War.

From the Paper
"African-American soldiers were organized into all-black units referred to as the U.S. Colored Troops. These units were primarily led by white officers. Only seventy-five black officers were commissioned, eight of whom were physicians. Of the 209,000 blacks who entered service, 93,000 came from Confederate states. The Confederacy at first refused to recognize blacks as soldiers. Unlike other Union troops who were captured, black soldiers were at first not allowed to surrender, and many were shot. African Americans took part in more than 200 battles and skirmishes. In all, 68,178 died in battle or as the result of wounds or disease during the war."

Tags:confederate, army, black, regiment, Rough, Riders

Abstract
The paper discusses how the stratified and parochial French Canada against which intellectuals would rebel in the latter-half of the twentieth century was a product of the eighteenth century. Further, the paper notes that language formulated a distinct and enduring French Canadian culture inasmuch as French Canadians clung most tenaciously to their language in the eighteenth century as a means of resisting the imperialist presence of a seemingly hostile Anglophone elite; suffice it to say, the language laws and interminable battles today over the proper place of the French language today in Quebec society is surely rooted in the old eighteenth century belief that holding on to one's mother tongue was a way of standing firm against the cultural depredations of the English. The paper concudes that the strands of language and religion (particularly during the eighteenth century) made a distinctive Quebecois culture possible.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that religion and language both played invaluable roles in establishing French-Speaking Lower Canada as a distinctive cultural region. Specifically, the stratified and parochial French Canada against which intellectuals would rebel in the latter-half of the twentieth century (a process which may very well still be ongoing and one which certainly impacted French-Canadian politics in profound ways in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s) was a product of the eighteenth..."

Tags:quebec, culture, language

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Quebec is unique within English-speaking North America because it is a large, self-contained geographical region that is characterized by a strong, if no longer overwhelming, French-speaking presence and by a culture that is still informed by Roman Catholicism. With this in mind, the writer looks at how the religious and political ties of eighteenth century Quebec (Upper Canada as it was known then) into a distinctive cultural region that remains distinctive even today. In so doing, the paper emphasizes how religion became a means of producing a society that was highly hierarchical even by the standards of its time - and how politics reinforced these unbending class cleavages. The writer explains that to understand why Quebec today is different from its Anglo counterparts, one must understand how religion and politics worked together more than two hundred years ago to create the French Canada of today.

From the Paper
"During the seventeenth century and, by all accounts, into the eighteenth century, as well, these religious orders sought to convert the indigenous peoples to the Roman Catholic faith. As an example of just central the Roman Catholic Church would be to eighteenth century French Canada, it is instructive that the priests actually pre-dated the farmers or habitants who would later be charged with trying to make the inhospitable lands of the area yield sustenance fit to maintain a thriving colony. Be that as it may, one should not be left to think that Roman Catholic French Canada in the eighteenth century was entirely under the sway of the Church and its stern injunctions; to wit, while the people of Lower Canada were, by and large, devout and pious, there were never as many priests around as the Church would have liked and creeping secularism was always a threat to the social fabric."

Tags:class, political, religious, government