Abstract
The paper explains the processes of simple distillation and steam distillation and describes the materials and methods used in these experiments. The paper relates the results and the calculations of both the simple and steam distillations and shows how the objective of these experiments were successfully achieved. This paper contains formulas and illustrations.

Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Calculations
Discussion and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Simple distillation allows separation of distillates from less-volatile substances that remain as pot residue at the completion. It allows isolation of the various components of the mixture in acceptable purity if the difference between the boiling points of each pure substance is greater than 40-50oC. This technique is mainly used when nonvolatile impurities are present in pure liquid of homogeneous solution. The presence of nonvolatile impurities in solution reduces the vapor pressure of pure liquid at any temperature by constant amount (Raoult's law), because impurities lower the concentration of the volatile constituent in the liquid phase. The quantitative relationship between vapor pressure and composition of homogeneous liquid mixtures is known as Raoult's law."

Tags:impurities, purity, boiling, point, solutions, Raoult's, law, Dalton's, law

Abstract
This paper explores organic chemistry methodology that has a lighter impact on the environment - a "greener" approach. The synthesis of cyclohexene is proposed using the greener phosphoric acid in place of sulfuric acid that is traditionally used. Diagrams of the reaction and the experimental setup are included. In addition, a figure of the infra-red spectrum of the product is included.

From the Paper
"Green chemistry techniques use some or all of the twelve basic principles that are recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency as environmentally responsible. The first principle to prevent waste is perhaps the most important - if there is no waste to clean or treat the impact on the environment is essentially absent. Principle five advocates the use of catalysts and not stoichiometric reagents. Since catalysts are used in small amounts and recycled they are much more efficient to use rather than an excess of reagent that only works on one reaction."

Tags:green, organic, chemistry

Abstract
This paper looks at reasons why it has been difficult for many American companies to penetrate the Japanese export market in the past. It discusses how, over three decades, the Japanese laws and regulations created barriers to entry, by culturally binding allegiance and employing strategies such as cross-shareholding which favor keiretsu (local industrial groups). Officially, Japan's policy is to promote imports, but in practice this was often not the case. This paper focuses on how the American markets have been able to penetrate the Japanese markets with their sale of spirits.

From the Paper
"As an island nation, Japan is a worldwide net importer due to its geographical limitations. Japan is America's largest overseas trading partner and the largest importer of U.S. agricultural products. With a gross domestic product of nearly $5 trillion, Japan's is the world's second largest economy. Japan's GDP is 70% of that of the U.S., while its population is roughly half. In 1996, the growth rate in Japan's economy was the highest in the developed world, at 3.6%. U.S. exports to Japan are greater than that of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore combined, making Japan a prime Asian market for U.S. exports."

Tags:keiretsu, import, tariff

Abstract
This essay will argue that Leonardo's "The Last Supper" is a Renaissance rather than Medieval work because it embodies the scientific spirit of the age. As will be seen, Leonardo's approach to the theme and execution of the painting reflect not religious inspiration but scientific aspiration. In this work the artist focused a Renaissance passion for experimentation, his innovations in the area of perspective, and the distillation of his years of observation and study of human movement, emotion and form. Indeed, even those qualities of the painting that have been pointed to as flaws in Leonardo's vision are, it will be shown, characteristic of the Renaissance rather than the Middle Ages.

Abstract
British Petroleum is one of the world's "major" oil companies, one of the so-called "Seven Sisters," as identified by Anthony Sampson in his book, "The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Shaped" (1975). This paper provides a current analysis of British Petroleum, including an assessment of two potential scenarios and their associated risks and benefits, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

Table of Contents
List of Figures/Tables
Abstract
Introduction
Current Analysis
Environmental Analysis
Distilled Key Issues
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Anglo-Persian Oil Company was formed in 1909 to take over and finance an oil-field concession granted in 1901 by the Iranian government to an English investor, William Knox D'Arcy. The first successful oil wells were drilled at Masjed Soleyman, and crude oil was piped to a refinery built at Abadan, from which the first cargo of oil was exported in March 1912. Other Iranian fields and refineries were built, and by 1938 Abadan had the largest single refinery in the world. The concession was subsequently revised in 1933, and was even briefly suspended from 1951-53; however, the concession was renewed in 1953 in a consortium with other oil companies (British Petroleum 2004).
In 1914, the British government became the company's principal stockholder; over the years, the government had generally been the largest single stockholder as well. Effective January 1, 1955, British Petroleum became a holding company; beginning in 1977, the British government subsequently reduced its ownership of British Petroleum through the sales of shares to the public, and by the late 1980s, the government had turned over BP entirely to private ownership by selling its remaining shares of the company. This move eventually enabled BP to fully acquire Britoil PLC, an independent oil company that produced oil from the North Sea fields."

Tags:gas, petrol, industry

Abstract
Originally growing out of six lectures Franklin delivered as part of the Massey Lecture series in 1989, it represents the distillation of a lifetime's experiences of, and reflections upon, the impact of technology on human society. While the content of the original work was not altered for the revised edition, Franklin adds four new chapters covering technological developments that have occurred in the intervening decade. However, the fundamental thesis of her work remains the same. Franklin argues that technology is more than simply wheels and machines, hardware and software. It is rather the totality of the convergences between machine and man, and the social changes this interaction fosters.

Tags:ursula, franklin

Abstract
Glen Sporran is a premium, single malt scotch whisky that can only be made within Scotland. Because of this, the liquor cannot be distilled in local joint ventures, and the product must be exported

From the Paper
"Feasibility Analysis Of Exporting Glen Sporran into Dubai
1. The Product
Glen Sporran is a premium, single malt scotch whisky that can only be made within Scotland. Because of this, the liquor cannot be distilled in local joint ventures, and the product must be exported.


2. The Target Country
Dubai. and the other nation/states of the United Arab Emirates, is centrally located close to the mouth of the Persian Gulf and is a portal center for oil producers like Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia to the rest of..."

Abstract
This paper states that learning and culture are two complementary entities in the process of human development. The paper concludes that an ethical stand-alone market system would naturally evolve when all the market players understand that in the long run it makes good economic sense to encourage this real value of humankind.

Table of Contents
Introduction - Towards Human Emergence
Social Environment - The Distilled Wisdom of Our Heritage of Culture and Learning
Culture and Learning- The Essence of Being Human
Transmission of Culture and Learning to Our Next Generation
The Mechanism of Transmission
The Case against Market
The Case for the Market
Is the Assertion Justified ?
Market and Ethics- An Evolutionary Process
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Human societies consist of organized groups of individuals of all ages having a set of behavioral rules that are transmitted from one generation to another. This process of transmission can be divided into two broad categories- direct or indirect. When the values and accumulated knowledge of the society are transmitted through some kind of formal training, it is called "learning". While the process of learning aims at transmission of knowledge and values in the formal way, the outcome of this process depends on many things that are never taught - things that we absorb from our social environment. This intangible phenomenon that is an integral and parallel part of learning is "culture"."

Tags:human, development, ethical, emergence, environment, transmission, evolutionary

Abstract
This paper discusses how Dubai is the acknowledged regional center for business and expatriate living and is unique in a region that is more familiar as a hardship world. It proposes a study for exporting Glen Sporran, a premium, single malt scotch whiskey that can only be made within Scotland and therefore cannot be distilled in local joint ventures.

Outline
The Product
The Target Country
Major Features of the Country
Culture
Major Market Opportunities
Conventional Patterns of Physical Distribution
How does the British Exporter Ship to Dubai
Cultural Factors in Negotiation
Implicit Barriers
Overall Recommendation
References

From the Paper
"The economic modernization program implemented by Sheikh Rashid has furthered Dubai's history as "The City of Merchants, and secured its position as a meeting place where doing business is surprisingly easy. Dubai is a westernized, commercial hub supported by modern infrastructure: reliable communication and transportation networks@ (Chandler, 1996, 88). As Chandler suggests, ATrade in Dubai has changed significantly from the time when wooden dhows delivered cargo from Iran, India, and Africa."

Tags:Islam, culture, alcohol, expatriate, living

Abstract
Capital punishment has been part of the legal actions of societies since the dawn of primitive culture. Each society has made its own decisions regarding what crimes, if any; warrant the death of he or she who committed them. These decisions have never been taken lightly and not without their share of debate. The issue of ending a person's life has been universally considered a social negative. One cannot feel truly safe in a community that condones murder. But, different communities have attached different standards to ending life. The United States government, as well as the state governments themselves, has made determinations of what conditions a person or institution may legally kill another. Some of these conditions include: killing in self-defense, while in combat, while performing police duty and in the termination of a criminal's life that has received the death penalty. With relatively few instances in which killing is socially acceptable (or at least tolerated) the ways in which killing is illegal are innumerable. Our society has subdivided murder into different classifications based upon the circumstances and the intent of the person who has done the killing. But, murder is not the only crime that can lead to the death penalty. Rape, kidnapping that ends in death, treason, have also been crimes, which lead to a death sentence. The crux of the debate over the legitimacy of this method of punishment centers around the moral responsibility at stake in the action. When distilled to it's most fundamental state, the argument is this: Does killing a killer make us killers, or does it make us saviors?