Abstract
This paper focuses on the issues surrounding the discovery and refinement of the astronomical distance ladder, beginning with a brief account and definition of the ladder itself before moving onto a definition and discussion of the insights of Edwin Hubble. After considering Hubble's contributions, it then discusses the developments offered by new scientists attempting to pin down the Hubble Constant in their work. The astronomical distance ladder is a device used by astronomers to measure distances between objects in space. The basic premise of the ladder is that, since we cannot measure distances directly, we make our distance observations based on distances that are already known.

From the Paper
"As regards the Astronomical Distance Ladder, this was a huge and important step in the direction of the debate. Previous understandings of distance were based largely on the intensity of objects, and the nineteenth century standard generally held to the idea that "faintness means farness," but the Hubble constant and its revelation of a constantly expanding Universe opened the door to a wide variety of debates about the way distances are measured (Gingerich 1071). Indeed, then the current debate has largely settled around more specific elements of Hubbles view, rather than a whole-scale rejection of his system or some other form of innovation. Indeed, the large and greater portion of debates relating to the astronomical distance ladder focus "on recently determined and still controversial values of the Hubble constant." "

Tags:edwin, hubble, universe, space, constant

Abstract
This paper introduces the topic of distance education and long distance education training for faculty. The paper defines distance education, examines the virtual university and discusses the need for instructional support services for faculty. The paper also covers the concept of lifelong learning, distance learning materials, the virtual learning experience and looks at the student population of distance learning.

From the Paper
"The following research paper presents the topic of faculty training for distance education. Within this context the following relevant issues are presented: introduction to distance education, outcomes of distance education, quality ratings of distance education, student faculty and administration ratings of distance education, faculty instruction in distance education and conclusions."

Tags:long, distance, education, training

Abstract
This paper looks at some of the problems encountered with distance learning programs and compares distance learning to traditional face-to-face learning. The paper discusses problems with technology, cost, attrition rates and student-teacher interaction. The paper discusses some of the benefits of distance learning and when and why it can be necessary, but argues that traditional learning is better.

From the Paper
"With the increase in frustration with the education system, as well as large numbers of people going back to school to get degrees many years after they started and dropped out, homeschooling as well as online and distance learning have gained popularity (Stull & Ryan, 2000, p.1). Traditional or face-to-face learning has generally the more accepted and mainstream approach to education in the US, as well as the most accessible. The teacher and students are in the same location and interact in real time, whereas distance education consists of "all forms of learning and teaching in which those who learn and those who teach are for all or most of the time in different locations" which includes online or internet-based education as well as older formats that involve mailing assignments back and forth (Moore, 2003, p. ix). "

Tags:traditional, distance, learning

Abstract
Distance learning is examined in Kenya based on their extreme lack of resources and quality instructors. The paper relates that there are examples of corroboration with MIT, but reveals that on the whole, distance learning is hindered by lack of interenet connectivy as well as an inadequate supply of electricity and computers.

From the Paper
""Adult and continuing education has, therefore, become part of the investment programmes within the Kenya Education Sector Support Programme which aims at giving every Kenyan the right to quality education.."(President Mwai Kibaki, 2008) Distance education can be thought of as "an educational process in which a significant proportion of the teaching is conducted by someone removed in space and/or time from the learner" (Nielsen, 286). As this definition implies, not all aspects of distance education, as commonly practiced in most countries, are distant: most programs contain differing percentages..."

Tags:distance, learning, education

Abstract
The paper discusses how obtaining a distance education, with its emphasis on personal time management, is difficult enough on its own; however, it seems like an insurmountable challenge to combine distance education with work and family commitments. The paper relates that fortunately, there are proven processes, tips, and techniques to allow individuals to balance these three pursuits. This paper serves as one possible roadmap to achieving such a balance.

Tags:distance, education, balance

Abstract
The paper addresses the challenges of distance education, focusing on problems related to use of technology and replacement of face to face students-teacher interaction with the impersonality of cyberspace. The paper includes an appendix of comparisons of classroom and distance programs.

From the Paper
"The current educational revolution characterized by MacGregor as a cyber-revolution is an artifact of the information technology (IT) revolution which preceded and facilitated it. Implicit within this cyber-revolution is a trend known as distance education in which new technologies are employed to deliver educational programming and content to students at various academic levels. According to MacGregor, the history of distance education encompasses various methods of instruction including correspondence, home study, televised courses, extension classes, video conferencing and online learning."

Tags:distance education, technology, problmes in learning

Abstract
This paper discusses the meaning of distance learning, the types of learning, where the learning takes place, what types of courses are offered, accreditation of distance learning institutions, and predictions for its potential growth in the future.

From the Paper
"If a person completes coursework away from an actual school campus this is known as distance learning. The term distance learning covers many different types of learning and includes classes taken online over the internet ..."

Tags:distance learning, e-learning

Abstract
This paper examines the literature on both the characteristics of successful student learners and on the pros and cons associated with distance education and learning. The paper ends with a series of conclusions formulated on the basis of the reviewed material.

From the Paper
"Moore and Kearsley define distance education as an extension of classroom learning in which instructional delivery is accomplished away from the classroom, such as at an on-site college class by using diverse technology such as video, audio, computer, multimedia communications or some combination of these with other traditional delivery methods. Distance education has several hallmark characteristics. In this regard, Simonson, Smaldino, Albright and Zvacek state that distance learning and education characteristically involves the separation of teacher..."

Tags:distance, education

Abstract
This paper discusses the effectiveness of a distance learning program when taught through an online group seminar.

Tags:distance, learning, program

Abstract
A paper on education and learning of law enforcement personnel through distance education.

Tags:learning, distance, education