Abstract
The paper looks at whether the presence of dissolved organic matter affects algae growth and focuses on the effects of this on resource availability. It discusses the contents of dissolved organic matter and discusses how science can manipulate organic matters that may stimulate bacterial growth and thus may change the conditions to allow algae growth.

From the Paper
"Jan Viezer (2002) contends that it is the responsibility of science, namely microbiology, to discover the damage that has occurred to land and water over time as man has occupied the earth and natural disasters are continuously moving elements of man and nature across the globe (p. 57). Yet, science has the known ability in the modern age to determine the natural state of the earth, to include the ground masses, as well as the water ways, and this is significant because this knowledge will allow man to manipulate organic matters that will stimulate needed bacterial and algae growth in an attempt to preserve that which has already been severely damaged over time. Nitrogen has been determined to be a cause of "plant production in coastal water" (Anderson, Brady, Brooks, Brauwer, Levinson, McDonald, Neimi, Pearl, Racicinky, and Wardrop, 2004, p. 979)."

Tags:algae, organic, bacteria

Abstract
Paper explains Carter's policy option of 1978 in building up intelligence/presence in Pakistan that induced Soviet decision to invade Afghanistan, as an important but little realised aspect of a war that helped to dissolve the USSR. In Dec of 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan towards an impossible war of high casualties and low morale; Pakistan ISI role carried by Reagan administration 1981-; impact of the war, 1979-1992 - Taliban, remarks on present conflict with several questions on what the future should hold; ref to documents now unclassified; first hand accounts; scholarly materials and pointing out how educated culture has summarized the Carter era incorrectly.

From the Paper
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan of 1978 -1979. Introduction The Soviet Union's 40^th Army was prepared to invade Afghanistan in August of 1978, in support of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) Marxist government, a step towards hostilities ending in the May 1988 Soviet withdrawal, the last forces leaving Afghanistan on February 15, 1989. The invasion of December 24 1979 had occurred swiftly with the Soviet forces arriving on two main land routes and a massive air corridor (q.v.). As this paper explains, Moscow's decision to enter Afghanistan was triggered by U.S. activities in Pakistan in supporting anti-Marxists of

Tags:afghanistan, 1978 policy, carter

Abstract
This paper examines how few policies have received as much domestic and international reproach as the United States' embargo against Cuba. It looks at how instituted over the last four decades, the blockade was originally established due to a perceived threat on U.S. national security and how reasons for this included Cuba's expropriation of U.S. property following the 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro, their alliance with the Soviet Union and their support for armed revolutionary forces in Latin America and Africa. It explores business opportunities in Cuba, the effect of the embargo on U.S. firms and detailed arguments in favour of both maintaining and dissolving the embargo.

Outline
Background
Business Opportunities in Cuba
Biotechnology
Small Businesses
Effect of the Embargo on U.S. Firms
Issues for U.S. Firms upon Lifting the Embargo
Arguments for Maintaining the Embargo
Arguments for Dissolving the Embargo
Economic Tribulations
Social Tribulations
Opinion
Appendix A - Cuba Country Report
Selected Historical Facts

From the Paper
"American action in the form of the embargo against Cuba has not been effective since its inception, and there is no rationale other than saving face by maintaining the long-term grudge against the island nation. Americans will not admit that the embargo has been ineffective in controlling Castro; they will certainly deny the fact that the embargo has given Castro an "excuse" for Cuba's high poverty rate. It would be in the U.S.'s best interest to remove the embargo and allow free trade with Cuba. The laissez faire principle of economics dictates that free markets will ultimately take over, ensuring that any inherent corruption will ultimately be eliminated. Furthermore, Castro is not immune to the forces of ageing."

Tags:cigars, communism, eisenhower, expropriation, fidel, castro

Abstract
This paper studies how China is evolving from the initial hard line Marxist tenants of zero market tolerance to the more humanist objectives that influenced Marx into dissolving all-powerful bourgeois. The paper explains that this ideological evolution to a greater quasi-socialist/capitalist state is the current ideology that should be practiced by China in the new global economy. The paper discusses how by setting controls over markets in China through the State, China can retain some of the tenants of Marxism by applying these measures in economic and policy-based initiatives in the government.

From the Paper
"This study will examine the nature of Chinese ideology in the Communist mode in relation to a working model, which can work within an international economic environment. By developing policies that support the power of the state, a set of economic principles can be imparted that create free trade. By applying the principles of cultural and economic openness, China can develop a communist/socialist ideology that can operate within the dominant capitalism that resides in the modern world. The policies of Mao in the early stages of the Chinese communist government reflect a closed economy, which sought to sustain itself through isolation and the interior workforce of China."

Tags:china, policy, economy

Abstract
The paper asserts that the key significance of Pirenne's thesis on this growing European middle class is most certainly linked with the mercantile system. The paper discusses how with the feudal system dissolving the slavery of serfs working the land for the nobility, they could now have a wider economic base in which serfs could become peasants. The paper explains that the "middle class" that is defined here was made through the intervening merchant classes that helped to set a buffer between the nobility and the serfs-not to mention to powerful clergy classes that manipulated the wars during the Crusades.

Tags:islam, trade, europe

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions

From the Paper
"What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."

Tags:acid, acidity, acids, alkaline, aqueous, arrhenius, base, bases, biology, chemistry, equilibrium, ka, laviosier, number, ph, romans, scale, sour

Abstract
This paper explains that Thomas Jefferson chose each word of the U.S. Declaration of Independence with care and committees revised it with prudence, giving the nation with a very carefully planned, meticulously executed statement, which is extremely effective in its brevity, clarity and logical progression. The author points out that the very first word, "when", implies that the statement to follow is inevitable; the framers of this declaration could have used the word "if" but this (1) would diminish the drive of the sentence by making the later "dissolving" of political bands uncertain and (2) would make the action of declaring independence an option rather than a duty. The paper relates that the second paragraph showcases the simple logical progression of Thomas Jefferson's brilliance and serves as the moral and philosophical grounds for separation and for the colonists duty to throw off an oppressive government. Several quotations.

From the Paper
""To assume" has a double meaning in its usage in the above paragraph. To assume can mean to presuppose something (here it is the separate and equal station that the colonies felt that they had a right to enjoy). Also, the word assume means to take responsibility upon one's self. It is a statement directed toward the colonies' rights to enjoy a separate and equal status, and their willingness, even eagerness to take on whatever responsibility that may entail. If the Declaration of Independence is to be viewed from the vantage that it was written, then it would be appropriate to assume that the Nature's God referred to in this passage is, in fact, the deist God. The very fact that the word Nature comes before Nature's God suggests the subordinate role of God in the everyday world."

Tags:jefferson, statement, when, meaning, planned

Abstract
This paper examines how the rapidly growing advancements in computer technology have created many issues especially in the arts. It looks at how with the aid of computers, art can be digitally crafted which gave way to what we now call "digital art." It evaluates how artists working with digital technologies are redefining art, often dissolving the boundaries between the traditional forms and how artists, engineers, designers and scientists are able to collaborate and exchange roles, initiating fundamental research to create digitally realized art and experience. It presents information about arts and computers, how computers are being used to generate pieces of art works and also distinguishes between digital art and more traditional art forms to give justice and to categorize each type in their own significance, value and meaning in the world of arts.

Outline
Abstract
What is Art?
Forms and Mediums of Artwork
What is Digital Art
History and Development of Digital Art
Is Digital Art Real Art?
Originality of Art Works
Pioneers of Digital Arts
The Future of Digital Art
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Digital art is an essential part of computer culture. The use of computers will not be as stimulating as it is today without the help of the graphical images that brings life to the visual sense of the users. With this type of art, people are motivated and inspired by the technological advancements in their work and lifestyle. Digital art is the new genre of art today. It is considered as the new paintbrush of the 21st century. And according to the Downtown Arts magazine, Digital Art has the possibility of moving beyond the metaphor of canvas and brush. As an art piece, it simply does not use the Web as a means of display; rather, it actually depends on the Web as a part of its creative process."

Tags:bp

Abstract
This paper explains that, whereas marriage used to be an institution, which helped individuals gather and maintain wealth and eventually give some of it to the government, divorce is the great disperser of wealth because two households now must be supported thus stimulating the economy. The author points out that, if both partners work, they pay more proportionally because of the marriage tax; however, if the tax payer is a single head of household, the tax rate is significantly lower than for a married individual filing a separate income tax return; single head of household parents, who fall below a certain income level, are given special tax breaks called tax incentives to help pay for childcare. This paper relates that some states, like Louisiana, have actually changed their laws so that there are two types of marriage contract: The "Death Do Us Part" marriage, which requires extensive legal maneuvering to dissolve, or the "Until We Get Tired of Each Other" marriage, which makes marriage easier dissolve. Several long quotes.

From the Paper
"There have been studies that divorced fathers buy their children more toys and take them to more places of amusements than married fathers. Divorced fathers also need a social life, so they buy newer clothing and go to events where they can meet available divorced or single women. Divorced women also tend to over indulge their children, because they always feel guilty about leaving their children with the baby sitter. Divorced women with access to childcare also date. They buy new clothes and spend money on health clubs and dieting that they not do if they were happily married. All of this buying is good for the economy. The State governments get more sales tax money, the Gross National Product keeps raising and this keeps the Federal Government happy as well."

Tags:dowry, marriage-tax, no-fault, capitalists, lawyers

Abstract
A synthesis essay on the rise of toxic protists due to the increase in dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations from man-made pollution. Specific examples are used to illustrate this building environmental concern.

From the paper:

""In the Rivers and Coastal Waters of America an Ancient and Deadly Organism, Reawakened by Man-Made Pollution, May Become the Ultimate Biological Threat" (Barker, cover). In 1984, a small herd of cows in Montana collapsed and died in ten minutes after drinking from a pond coated with a pea green film. In 1987, three people died and more than 100 became ill after eating blue mussels from Prince Edward Island. In 1996, 149 manatees perished mysteriously off the coast of Florida. Autopsies of these endangered marine mammals revealed biological poisons in their brains and other tissues."

Tags:algae, aquatic, bloom, dinoflagellates, environmental, issues, marine, nitrogen, pfiesteria, phosphorus, plankton, pollution, protist, quality, toxic, water