Abstract
An article that is divided into three portions of 3 pages each. Analyzing and critiquing articles from subjects like "Dissent', "Art' and "Merchants' this paper describes the three in a theoretical form.

Tags:dissent, dissenter, summary

Abstract
This paper provides a review of Rosemary O'Leary's "The Ethics of Dissent: Managing Guerrilla Government," defining the work as a refreshing reminder that subversive activity should not be defined and treated through a narrow moral lens framed by the bureaucracies and institutional norms of capitalism. The paper explains that O'Leary's broader arguments are based in several bodies of theoretical literature, including her case that guerrilla activity is more common than people realize. The paper asserts that this book is a needed antidote to what are becoming dangerous corporate and governmental norms of corruption and exploitation as being expected and acceptable. In spite of a few limitations, the paper concludes, the book is a thought-provoking and interesting reminder of the tensions in bureaucracy and the timeless debates surrounding the politics-administration dichotomy, the appropriate level of discretion, and their concomitant ethical dilemmas.

From the Paper
"O'Leary (2006) highlights the ethical ambiguities involved in many government guerrilla activities; however, she does not provide any suggestion as to how these dilemmas may be resolved. Of course, there is no definitive answer to moral questions, but the literature and laws on whistle blowing proffer some ethical standards under which such activity is protected (e.g., agency or company behavior that violates a law, rule, or regulation; egregious mismanagement; abusing authority; unethical use of funds; endangering public health or safety). All guerrilla activity may not be created equal, but the presence of moral ambiguity does not render questions of appropriateness entirely unanswerable."

Tags:capitalism, Abbie, Hoffman, Bobby, Seale, protest

Abstract
This paper identifies Catholic authority in the late antique period as initially interested in the control of society's spiritual consciousness by assimilating the individual into a wider fraternity. The paper explains that a marginal, oppressed, and radical sect operating within pagan power structures, the evangelical Christians, grew to become Roman-Catholic orthodoxy, the social force in religious and secular spheres. Catholicism, in turn, became a target of radical biblical interpretation and dissent that had once characterised this group. The paper focuses on the body, the crucible in which theology, the material, and ideal was fought over, and where religious conviction grew from. This paper discusses the rejection of the human body and its urges, claiming that this was often used as a means of rejecting the social order.

From the Paper
"Before doctrine had become formally established in an ecclesiastical structure the mantle of authority did not conventionally apply to the Christian faith outside of its own religious interests. Theological differences over the body were played out internally, with disagreement rather than dissent leading to groups becoming ostracised from the mainstream by those who viewed themselves as orthodox, but were not as entrenched in power as would become the case in later medieval times. A belief of oneness in Christianity is not born out by the evidence of late antiquity. As Elaine Pagels wrote in her book Gnostic Gospels "Nearly all Christians share three basic premises. First, they accept the canon of the New Testament; second, they confess the apostolic creed; and third, they affirm specific forms of church institution. Every one of these emerged in its present form only towards the end of the second century." Prior to the second century the structure of the church and its authority was not set, but open to interpretation. Divergent Christian viewpoints were still fighting over the manifesto that would deliver the faith into the social order."

Tags:gnosticism, gospels, christ

Abstract
This paper uses literature to illustrate how it can be proved that in religion, most specifically Christianity, curiosity fuels the response of rebellion. The paper cites several different examples of literature that concur with the theory that people are naturally rebellious and dissenting when their curiosity is aroused. The paper also contains an annotated bibliography.

From the Paper
"Whether it is plainly the naturally inquisitive mind, or the dissatisfaction toward an authority head, it can be proven that in religion, most specifically Christianity, curiosity fuels the response of rebellion. Dan Brown, author of the novel The Da Vinci Code, has been ridiculed and accused of plagiarism for his false depiction of the Catholic Church. The reasons for why it was written, why it is read by so many of Christian faith, and the plot and character construction within the novel are all examples of this religious dissent. Similarly, in John Milton's Paradise Lost, both Adam and Eve are given seemingly perfect lives with one another. Though, while Eve becomes curious of life outside the 'Paradise,' she is no longer fulfilled with living by the faith with which God has told her to trust. Rather than accept what they are told on faith alone, both Adam and Eve sinfully desire, and seek something else. In many cases in our world, this rebellion is not always seeking what is better. Rather, as in the cases of The Da Vinci Code and Paradise Lost, it is finding the truth. Through different forms of historical, analytical, psychological, and literary research, it can be proven that when it comes to Christianity, people are naturally rebellious and dissenting when curious."

Tags:analysis, ritual, novel

Abstract
This paper looks at three different readings which are different analytical essays on the culture of war in America. It explains how these have provided the readers with different insights and perspectives regarding the conduct of the U.S. government and military regarding the international, and even domestic, political affairs that have significant bearing on the U.S.'s standing as a powerful nation in the whole world. Three perspectives are presented in the readings, which offer opinions that are for, against, or pluralistic approaches in discussing the participation of the U.S .in world wars and other conflicts with other nations throughput history. The perspectives presented are the following: Idealist, Dissenter, and Jingoist version of the "American Way of War." This paper provides a discussion of these perspectives, and critically analyzes which perspective can be considered most accurate in describing the political nature and state of the US at present, and why the other perspectives do not fit the description of being considered as the true "American Way of War."

From the Paper
"The first perspective presented in the readings is the Idealist perspective of the Culture of War in America. In the Idealist version, the US nation and its government are considered patriotic citizens who have fought for many years in history to preserve their freedom from colonizers, such as the British and other European nations. This perspective primarily portrays the US as a nation that does not subsist to war, and will only do so under "extreme circumstances." This perhaps can be understood better if an example will be provided in relation to this perspective. Take for example the impending US attack against Iraq. The Idealist perspective on this issue would regard the offensive action of the US as a defensive one, since Iraq poses as a threat and danger not only to the US, but also to the whole world as well, because of the destruction Saddam Hussein and his army can make if they attack using weapons of destruction that are biological, chemical, and nuclear in composition. The effects of these weapons of destruction can bring forth long-term effects on the health and environment of the human beings and other living things on Earth. Thus, because of the "extreme circumstances' the US was put into as a result of Iraq's hostility towards the US, the US government and army are then compelled to commit an action that will prevent Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi forces to cause further threat, danger, and eventual destruction to the whole world. "

Tags:iraq, hussein, globalization, world, power

Abstract
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, an inherent argument can be traced through the works of Edmund Burke and those of John Stuart Mill. Burke asserts the importance of institutions and their presence in society. As an empirical philosopher, Mill developed the philosophy of utilitarianism, which bases knowledge upon human experience and emphasizes the importance of human reason. In his most famous work, "On Liberty," Mill holds that individual liberty and reason were the criteria for policy and the formation of the state. Thus, for Burke, it is the institutions that must develop in order to embrace justice; for Mill, it is the human being that is the initial criterion, and the institutions of society are, at best, a reflection of the human being's experience and reason.

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses how the history of dissent suppression in China figures into the story of the suppression of Falun Gong even in the supposed context of economic liberation in the PRC.

From the Paper
"It is difficult to speak coherently of the stories in Ian Johnson's 'Wild Grass' without bringing to the experience at least a cursory knowledge of China's modern political history. Keith Schoppa makes the point that China's history has been marked by intermittent progress and benefits in the modern period but that progress forward is all too frequently followed by a devolution of progress accompanied by an amplification in the suffering of many people. The course of the ... th century vividly illustrates the point. The Boxer Rebellion represented a distinctively nationalist ..."

Tags:dissent, CCP & PRC hegemony

Abstract
Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was initially a genuine attempt to allow at least a modicum of dissent. However, when it became clear that the floodgates had been opened, the volume of criticism quickly became far more than the authorities - particularly Chairman Mao - were prepared to tolerate.

From the Paper
Topic 6: Was the "Hundred Flowers" Movement of 1957 a Genuine Attempt to Solicit Criticism of the Chinese Communist Party, or a Ploy to Expose Dissenters? Few events in Chinese history have evoked as much controversy as the Hundred Flowers Campaign. The central controversy revolves around the issue of whether it was a genuine attempt to solicit criticism of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), or merely a cynical ploy to expose dissenters, so that they could be ruthlessly dealt with via imprisonment, exile for "re-education" and "reform" to the countryside, or execution. In this essay it will be argued that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was

Tags:china, mao, flowers

Abstract
In modern times the general view of the Court has come to be that its members act to advance their policy preferences, rather than in a "mechanical" way to uphold precedent, as was widely assumed before the 1940s (Epstein and Knight, 1998, 24). Whatever may have actually been the case at various times in the past, it is difficult to resist a policy-preference view of the contemporary Court.

From the Paper
"In modern times the general view of the Court has come to be that its members act to advance their policy preferences, rather than in a "mechanical" way to uphold precedent, as was widely assumed before the 1940s (Epstein and Knight, 1998, 24). Whatever may have actually been the case at various times in the past, it is difficult to resist a policy-preference view of the contemporary Court. Apart from the internal evidence of a statistical nature drawn from the Court's own record (Epstein and Knight, 1998), consideration must surely also be given to the overtly political and ideological nature of the modern nomination and hearing process, particularly as it has developed since 1980. To be sure, presidents have from the adoption of the Constitution taken the opportunity to name their political allies to the Court, surely with some confidence (or at least hope) that once ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the main concerns shared by dissident organizations and movements during the period 1950-1975. It highlights the factors accounting for emergence and impact of New Left movements, and their contributions. The paper expands on the reasons for the social changes brought about in the post-WWII era.

From the Paper
"This research paper discusses three different topics relating to the activities of the New Left during the period, main concerns shared by dissident organizations and movements. All these movements ..."

Tags:new left, radical

causes