Abstract
A discussion of how and why the role of dissection in medical teaching changed between 1500 and 1800.

From the Paper
"The history of the practice of dissection between the 1500's and the 1800's is complex and complicated by religion politics and general superstition. European medicine had its roots in both Green and Roman medical knowledge. Sachiko Kusukawa notes that there are two features of European medicine, especially that of the sixteenth century which are important to note its classical heritage and its Christian context. The healing arts between the sixteenth and nineteenth..."

Tags:history of dissection, medieval medicine, Enlightenment medicine, Galen, Vesilius, Da Vinci

Abstract
This paper examines the anatomy of a fetal pig, and indicates how to gain dexterity with the instruments used in the dissection procedure. The author compares the anatomy of the fetal pig with that of the human body.

From the Paper
"The first step was to obtain the Fetal Pig and to tie it in the supine position, anterior surface facing up in side the dissection pan. To tie the animal, we used butcher's twine and secured the front and hinds legs using a lasso technique. To make the first incision I had to locate the Xifoid Process of the Fetal Pig, distal aspect of the sternum."

Tags:anatomy, bio, biology, doctor, lab, nursing, physiology, report, science, surgeon, scalpel, instrument

Abstract
This paper takes the reader step by step through a lab dissection of the White Rat. It outlines each organ seen in it's respectable system and gives a visual description of each organ.

From the paper:

"The first step was to obtain the White Rat and to tie it in the supine position, anterior surface facing up in side the dissection pan. To tie the animal, we used butcher's twine and secured the front and hinds legs using a "lasso" technique, careful not touch the sharp claws. To make the first incision I had to locate the Xifoid Process of the rat (distal aspect of the sternum). Once I had located the Xifoid Process, I had to use forceps to pull the skin of the animal?s abdomen up and use the scissors to cut."

Tags:anatomy, bio, biology, dissection, doctor, hands, lab, medical, medicine, nursing, physiology, rat, report, science, surgeon

Abstract
This paper discusses the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, who in 1920, were convicted for the murders of a paymaster and his guard during a robbery. On the surface, the trial seems to be straightforward. However, many believe that it represents a major miscarriage of justice in the American judicial system. The paper examines the case, showing that the verdict was unduly affected by the Red Scare, represented a clash between social radicals and conservative reactionaries, and helped lay the foundation for modern ethnic racism in the United States. On April 15, 1920 the paymaster for a shoe factory and his guard were murdered during a robbery of the factory payroll. Three weeks later Sacco--a shoe factory worker--and Vanzetti--a fish peddler--were arrested for the crime. Both were Italian immigrants and anarchists.

Tags:sacco, vanzetti, racism

Abstract
This paper discusses the subordinate role of women in the Old Testament, noting that their main purpose in life was to become a mother. With this in mind, the writer describes the significance of the stories of two women, Sarah and Hannah, who were not able to conceive until God intervened, and explains how each in her own way took control of her destiny. The paper concludes by pointing out that in each case when a woman who was previously barren was granted the ability to have children by God, those children play a crucial role in the development of Israel.

From the Paper
"A recurring theme that is seen throughout the Old Testament is a woman that does not have the ability to have children. This was at a time when it was viewed as a disgrace for married women to have no children and women were usually desperate to be able to provide their husband with children. "In Israel the influence of a man was measured by the numbers in his family rather than by riches in cattle or land. Children are evidence of luck in life; a childless man has little value for his group, and in death he loses a mysterious good, assured him in the performance by his son of certain ancestral rites." (Second Samuel I8:I8) However, the dynamic changes when in several different stories God steps in and gives a previously barren woman the ability to have children."

Tags:inferior, child-bearing, strength, inequality, gender, religious

Abstract
This paper reviews Yann Martel's "Life of Pi", the historical and political influences, as well as the anthropological references to Indian practices. This paper attempts to analyze the philosophical, linguistic, and religious concepts of this book.

From the Paper
"Yann Martel's 'Life of Pi' revolves around a sixteen year old Indian boy emigrating to Canada with his family on board a ship full of zoo animals which sinks in the middle of the Pacific Ocean but the boy is able to escape the mishap and survive for 227 days on a lifeboat accompanied by an adolescent Royal Bengal tiger he fondly calls Richard Parker. However, before the reader embarks on this journey of a tale, he is greeted by an author's note. Ordinarily, readers skip through this section of a novel, wanting more to quickly get to the juicy part of the story, after all, that is the very reason why most people read: to be entertained, to read about a story. The presence of this author's note nevertheless proves to play a significant role in the shaping of Martel's telling of the story of Pi. When Martel writes: "If we, citizens, do not support our artists, then we sacrifice our imagination on the altar of crude reality and we end up believing in nothing and having worthless dreams" (XII), he broaches on the "enduring irony at the heart of all good fiction, an irony identified in the 14th century great Dante as 'bella mensonge,' the beautiful lie" (Park). The writer is tasked with saving not only himself but everyone who reads him from believing in nothing as well as having worthless dreams. How does the writer do this? He creates a nothing, a dream, a story - which is the opposite of the crude reality we ought not to sacrifice our imagination on. The writer, in making this story, attains the beautiful lie and opens us to have "belief within our disbelief" and to replace our worthless dreams with "something of enduring value, something we recognize as possessing a kind of truth" (Park)."

Tags:adventure, analysis, christianity, hinduism, interdisciplinary, islam, linguistic, literary, novels, philosophical, religious

Abstract
This paper delves into the themes driving Congreve's famous comedy of errors, "The Way of the World". The author discusses how the title is a reflection of the sordid facts of life in the cynical social world of the play. The paper also looks at how the play was received by society during the Restoration.

From the Paper
"William Congreve s intricate work, "The Way of the World", remains as one of the wittiest plays ever written. In his play, Congreve has created an entire gallery of characters, a world peopled with coxcombs, mistresses, fops, fools, wits and would-be wits. Driven by the numerous stratagems and relations of the four primary characters- Mirabell, Millamant, Fainall and Mrs. Marwood- "The Way of the World" successfully depicts an artificial microcosm of Restoration society."

Tags:way, william, world, millamant, marwood, social, cuckold, mirabell, fainall, restoration

Abstract
This paper is a dissection of Holden Caulfield's psyche, as based on the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). The paper presents an analysis of Holden Caulfield's personality from the point of view of psychopathology. The paper ends with the author's personal comments about the book.

Objectives
Type of Disorder
Synopsis
Events Leading to the Dysfunctional Behavior
Treatment
Personal Comments

From the Paper
"Adolescence is one of the most momentous and yet most turbulent eras in one's life. It is here when a lot of people experience rifts inside their psyches, ambivalence towards themselves, the people around them, and society in general, and where they learn to synthesize their personalities."

Tags:antisocial, depression, disorder, expulsion, major, schizoid, school, behavior, needs

Abstract
Medicine in medieval Europe benefited from Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin influences. Because of geographical and other favorable conditions, many of these cultural contributions synergized to form the Medical School at Salerno around 900 AD. This paper shows that, somewhat uncharacteristically, women physicians played a part in the advances that came from this school. The women physicians of Salerno contributed to a textbook that gained wide acceptance and distribution throughout Europe. The textbook called "De Passionibus Mulierium" was first published about 1100 AD and was a prominent text until a significant revision by Ambrose Pare's assistant in the early 1600's. The paper shows that the advances first taught and implemented by the women of Salerno are an interesting and important part of our surgical heritage.

Paper Outline:
Keywords
Abstract
Introduction: the Medical School at Salerno
The Women of Salerno
Medical Certification in Southern Italy
Anatomic Dissections at the School of Salerno
Surgical Contributions
References

From the Paper
"The anatomy of the reproductive organs was only known from animal dissections and written descriptions (without pictures) of Islamic texts. It was to the study of the female reproductive system that the women physicians of Salerno made vital contributions, since women doctors had greater access to female patients than did their male counterparts. In her book, Trotula writes that she was called to the practice of medicine because she had too often seen the suffering of women who were ashamed to share their maladies with a male doctor. [10] A good number of the sixty-three chapters of Trotula Major are devoted to the problems of conception, pregnancy, embryonic development and childbirth."

Tags:Trotula, healing, certification, anatomy, dissections, midwifery

Abstract
Dante's poetry and Michelangelo's art were defended in very similar terms. At least one of Dante's defenders compared him explicitly to Michelangelo. For Michelangelo, the body's beauty is the way into the soul. Nature and antiquity were touchstones for Michelangelo. Michelangelo's last sculpture, his Pieta, has long stood out as his most emotional and ethereal work. Michelangelo's roughly chiseled last sculpture shows a strong gravitational pull. Furthermore Michelangelo intended the work to be erected on his own tomb. Secrets, dissections, crime, commission, and absolute passion for his work all mark Michelangelo's work.