Abstract This article serves as a discussion of the French sociologist, Emile Durkheim's theory of anomie. The writer discusses the conditions under which it exists and looks at the consequences. Further, the writer explores the potential solutions in Durkheim's writings to the problem of anomie.
From the Paper "In his book 'The Division of Labor in Society', French sociologist, Emile Durkheim introduced the concept anomie as a state where norms expectations on behaviors are confused, unclear or not present and therefore result in higher rates of crime, suicide and deviance. Anomie occurs during times of rapid social change either negative or positive, when the circumstances of the division of labor become abnormal and under which otherwise contiguous organs become separated thus preventing the adequate development of rules of conduct."
Tags: Durkheim, anomie, social structure, morality, conscience, division of labor
Abstract This paper explains that, whereas occurrences of male homicides are spread across the myriad circumstances, incidences of female homicide are clustered very narrowly around domestic crimes of intimacy involving significant others. To further investigate this phenomena, the author reviews Merton's general strain theory of deviant behavior, Agnew's strain theory of criminology and the structured action theory of criminology. The paper presents two preferred methods of research for this field and reviews some of the research literature.
Table of Contents:
Demographic and Historical Distribution
Criminology Theories and Gender Differences in Homicidal Crimes
Merton's General Strain Theory of Deviant Behavior
Agnew's Strain Theory of Criminology
Structured Action Theory of Criminology
Research Methods for Analyzing Gender Differences in Homicidal Crimes
Preferred Research Method for Studying Homicide and Gender
Least Beneficial Method for Studying Homicide and Gender
Prior Research - Homicidal Crimes and Gender Differences
From the Paper "Male homicides frequently involve family and significant others as well; in fact, males still commit homicides much more frequently against their spouses and significant others (in addition to infanticide and eldercide) than females. However, whereas male homicides are spread across the myriad circumstances in which such crime may occur, female homicide is clustered very narrowly around domestic crimes of intimacy involving significant others."
Abstract This paper examines Durkheim's anomie concept in relation to human nature, its social context, and its relation to suicide. The paper also discusses Durkheim's contemporary protegees and takes a look at how the anomie concept is viewed today is assessed.
From the Paper "In attempting to understand the origins and consequences of Durkheim's conception of anomie, it is important to consider his view of human nature. Coser (1962) points out that Durkheim believed there is no human nature without society. What people thought, how they perceived the world, how they conceived of their relationship to the world?all these things were shaped by participation in society."
Abstract This paper explains that anomie, an anxiety that many see as a characteristic of modern civilization, is manifested in the degree of social solidarity that exists in a society; the more people are separated from one another, the greater the anxiety or anomie. The author points out that Durkheim identifies two types of social solidarity bonds, which define a society and its rules and regulations: mechanical, which brings about the division of labor and assumes that individuals are different from one another; and organic, which is the individual personality absorbed into the collective personality. The paper states that Putnam examines the same ideas in terms of changes in economic determinism, noting how local companies are often replaced by larger global companies in a given market to create a social disruption that can be profound.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Durkheim
Putnam
Durkheim and Putnam
Conclusion
From the Paper "Durkheim makes distinctions as to the degree to which solidarity binds us together, and he finds that mechanical solidarity in general binds men together less strongly than does organic solidarity. At the same time, mechanical solidarity becomes increasingly looser as we rise on the scale of social evolution. The strength of solidarity is important as it indicates how easily the individual can break his or her ties with civilization. Durkheim equates mechanical solidarity with positive solidarity, and organic solidarity with negative solidarity. Both mark forms of social solidarity indicated by the presence of rules."
Abstract This paper offers a critique of the film "American Beauty" from the perspective of the social theory of anomie, developed by Robert Merton. It looks at the different responses of the characters to a sense of alienation and isolation.
From the Paper American Beauty a film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball has been characterized as an assault on the emotional sleepwalking that all too often passes for life in the American suburb ..."
Tags: film, anomie, Robert Merton, American Beauty
Abstract The paper discusses Merton's theory of anomie and its relationship to criminal practice.
From the Paper "The purpose of this report is to offer a critique of a criminology theory, specifically anomie and strain theory characterized by Akers and Sellers as reflective of the belief that some forms of social disorganization so impact upon individuals that social cohesion solidarity and integration are insufficient to eliminate crime and deviance. Anomie, also known as strain theory, proposes that social order, stability and integration are conducive to conformity, while disorder and the opposite of integration are conducive to crime and deviance."
Abstract John Locke, in his exploration of the basis of human social and political order through the retrogression of society to first principles, attempts to explain why the disproportionate possession of property evident in human society throughout history is a just outcome of human social and political evolution. As this essay argues, however, Locke's argument is flawed in a number of key respects, most notably in regard to the question of inherited property which Locke significantly omits to consider altogether.
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that both Robert Merton and Emile Durkheim regarded the concept of anomie as a central aspect of modern societies. The writer points out ,that in their view, anomie is a theoretical aspect which affects the rates and incidence of social deviance and criminal behavior in modern society. There are, however, differences between the two theorists. The writer notes that Durkheim sees anomie as arising mainly from radical changes in society; whereas Merton sees this situation arising from class and social stratification issues. This paper outlines these two theoretical stances in order to ascertain the degree to which these two theories see society and not the individual per se, as being the cause of criminal activities.
Outline:
Introduction
Durkheim and Anomie Merton and Anomie Conclusion
From the Paper "In other words, Durkheim's interpretation of an imbalance in regulation means that the 'appetites' and desires of the individual in the society are unrestrained. In terms of his theory this creates a situation in which there exists a disparity between the objectives that are seen to be attainable and the means available to attain these objectives. There is therefore often a disparity between means and ends and this also creates a tension which allegedly increases criminal patterns. Therefore we could say that Durkheim saw that causes of crime as deriving from both personal and social causes, but mainly as a result of social and cultural forces and variables."
Abstract This paper present the high figures of suicide in Japan over recent decades including statistics and graphs. It then introduces Emile Durkheim's anomie theory and discusses how this can be applied to the problem facing Japan. It uses the theory to try and explain the high rates of suicide. The paper then concludes that while the model is complex with many variables, the Durkheimian theory of anomie can be successfully applied to account for the high incidence of suicide in the country. Graphs. Tables.
Outline
1. Suicide in Japan
2 Durkheim's Theory of Anomie 3. Durkheim's Reasons for Suicide
4. Anomie in Japan
Bibliography
From the Paper "In conclusion, Durkheim's theory of anomie is applicable to the high rate of suicide in Japan due to the dislocation and deregulation of normative structures within the culture. This relates to Japan's rush towards industrialization in the twentieth century and the development of an open and technologically-based society. Central events within the history of the culture, such as the reduction in status of the Emperors, were also major contributory elements towards an anomic society. The tenets of an open market and capitalism also were major contributing factors. This resulted in a societal imbalance in the inability to reconcile ends and means in terms of aspirations and desires within the society."
Abstract This paper explains that the over-representation of minority or non-white students in special education and the quality of their educational experiences have been regarded as one of the most significant issues facing the U.S. public school system in the past thirty years because the existence of this disproportionality has been used as evidence of potential discrimination. The author points out that, from a legal point of view, evidence of a pattern of over-representation has been sufficient enough to begin a legal action to reduce disproportionality. The paper argues that the problem of disproportionate representation of minorities in special education must be examined in a larger societal context by addressing issues of inadequate educational resources, use of culturally inappropriate instruction and inadequate teacher qualifications.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
A History of Litigation
English Language Learners
Court Cases Involving Disproportionality of Minorities
Regulations Regarding Disproportionate Representation
Amendments to IDEA
Measuring the Problem
Composition Index (CI)
Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs)
Disproportionality and the "Least Restrictive Environment" (LRE)
Re-Defining the Problem
Is Disproportionality Significant?
Conclusion
From the Paper "An issue with the use of RRRs and other methods of calculation is that there is no one recognized approach for determining when disproportionality is large enough to be important. While there are methods for establishing statistical significance (i.e., is this RRR significantly larger, or smaller, than 1.0?), these methods are somewhat complex, raise other calculation problems, and may produce different results depending on the size of the district. A more common approach has been to randomly select a cutoff value at which disproportionality is viewed as socially significant."
Tags: measurement, esl, discrimination, index, research
Abstract This paper is a synopsis of Durkeim's book "Anomic Suicide," which discusses his opinions on the root sources of suicide. The paper gives a history of the author's views, and discusses marriage, morality and society's role in a person's choice to commit suicide.
From the paper:
"Durkheim strived to define suicide as a product of social factors. The less influence society has on the individual, the more lost or disillusioned he may feel. As man becomes more and more separated from social organization, the more his activity becomes unregulated and unrestrained, a state of anomy may sink in; a state of mind which may lead to suicide."
Abstract The paper examines how Karl Marx and Emilie Durkheim criticized similar behaviors in society from opposite perspectives. The paper explains that Marx was concerned with social conflict and the struggle for valued resources while Durkheim was interested in the function of society and how it shapes individuals' behavior, thoughts and feelings. The paper compares Marx's idea of alienation and Durkheim's idea of anomie and explains that alienation is a problem of domination and class conflict, while anomie refers to conflicting values.
From the Paper "Marx believed that a Capitalist society is divided between the profit-oriented bourgeoisie (those who own the factories) and the proletarians (those provide labor in the factories). He saw a conflict between these two classes that was inevitable in capitalistic production. For Marx, Capitalism was inherently alienating, especially in alienating the worker. The main aspects of alienation are the separation of labor from the worker, and separation from the products of their own labor. Both end up being controlled by the bourgeoisie and dominating the worker."
A term paper summarizing Durkheims "suicide". It is a paper that paraphrases what Durkheim actually meant when he wrote Suicide. Each paragraph covers Egotistic, Anomie, and Alturistic suicide.
Abstract This essay focuses on the work of Durkheim entitled "Suicide. " The author attempts to understand Durkheim's work, the role of sociology in suicide, the ambiguity surrounding the definition of suicide and the forms of suicide.
From the Paper Suicide, Durkheim's third major work is of importance as it was his first attempt to bring empiricism into Sociology. Empiricism would provide a sociological explanation for phenomena such as suicide, which was traditionally regarded as restrictively psychological or biological. Durkheim defined the role of Sociology as comparable to Biology in natural science. Both disciplines study the normal or abnormal characteristics of phenomena, which affect the strength, or weakness of the organism. Sociology's main focus is to "study facts external to the individual" (Thompson 1985:92). When the term suicide comes to mind, we do not automatically link it with Sociology. Suicide can be argued to be a mental state, which is reserved mostly for the discipline of psychology. Durkheim looks at how this perceived mental state can be brought into Sociology by looking at elements such as family, occupations and social ties, all of which are a part of society and the root of Sociology. These elements are "always contemporaneous with some crisis which temporarily affects the social state" (Thompson 1985:95). Looking at society's groups, Durkheim noted that each "population had its own suicide rate, and that this rate is more constant than the general mortality".
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts social theorists? Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton's views on anomie. It explains the origination of the term and how each man took the theory in a different direction, depending upon the time in which he lived.
From the Paper "French social theorist Emile Durkheim coined the term "anomie" in his book The Division of Labor in Society, published in 1893. He used anomie to describe the loss of norms that was occurring in society. Durkheim said that anomie is produced in times of rapid social change, when existing rules, habits, and beliefs no longer hold and alternatives have not yet been found."
Tags: change, conflict, culture, goals, norms, social, society, sociology, theory
Abstract A discussion on the role schools and occupational/professional groups should play in modern society according to Durkheim, as well as a discussion of the function of moral discipline and the problem of anomie in relation to the state and the individual.
From the Paper "In his work, The General Influence of the School Environment, Emile Durkheim claims that the role of schools in modern society fills a gap which had disappeared from previous forms of society. He states that the schools serve as a bridge between the individual and the state; what he terms ?Secondary Groups.? "
Tags:anomie, discipline, durkheim, groups, moral, occupational, professional, school
