Abstract
John Locke, in his exploration of the basis of human social and political order through the retrogression of society to first principles, attempts to explain why the disproportionate possession of property evident in human society throughout history is a just outcome of human social and political evolution. As this essay argues, however, Locke's argument is flawed in a number of key respects, most notably in regard to the question of inherited property which Locke significantly omits to consider altogether.

Tags:locke, property, private

Abstract
The paper relates that mental illness is one of the most under treated threats to African-Americans today; the African-American community suffers disproportionately not only from mental illness, but treatment of mental illness. The paper reveals that one in every four African-Americans in the United States who visit a health service agency have a mental, neurological or behavioral disorder ("Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System", n.d.). The paper notes that African-Americans are less likely to receive treatment for their mental illness compared to Caucasians and cultural biases within the medical community is the bases for disproportionate mental health treatment for African-Americans. The paper reveals that in the medical field in the United States only 4% of social workers, 2% of psychiatrists and 2% of psychologists are African-Americans."

From the Paper
"Mental illness is one of the most under treated threats to African-American today. The African-American community suffers disproportionately not only from mental illness, but treatment of mental illness. One in every four African-Americans in the United States who visit a health service agency have a mental, neurological or behavioral disorder ("Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice System", n.d.). African-Americans are less likely to receive treatment for their mental illness compared to Caucasians. Cultural biases within the medical..."

Tags:mental, illness, african, american

Abstract
This paper assesses the disproportionate degree to which poverty plagues women in America and discusses the impact of that imbalance on women and society as a whole. The author focuses his study on three reasons for this burden: (1) single parenthood, in which women head the household alone; (2) lack of education; and (3) personal tragedy, such as divorce or death of spouse.

From the Paper
"There seems to be proof that marriage, in many cases, eliminates poverty or low income status for mothers. "Disadvantaged women who had children out of wedlock had substantially lower rates of subsequent marriage than other women. Poverty and welfare receipt were substantially lower for those who married and stayed married than for those who never married or were divorced. The economic benefits of marriage were especially strong among women from disadvantaged families. However, poverty rates for women who married but later divorced exceeded those of women who never married" (Lichter, et al 2003 60)."

Tags:poor, women, single, impoverished, society, underclass, working

Abstract
This paper explains that the over-representation of minority or non-white students in special education and the quality of their educational experiences have been regarded as one of the most significant issues facing the U.S. public school system in the past thirty years because the existence of this disproportionality has been used as evidence of potential discrimination. The author points out that, from a legal point of view, evidence of a pattern of over-representation has been sufficient enough to begin a legal action to reduce disproportionality. The paper argues that the problem of disproportionate representation of minorities in special education must be examined in a larger societal context by addressing issues of inadequate educational resources, use of culturally inappropriate instruction and inadequate teacher qualifications.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
A History of Litigation
English Language Learners
Court Cases Involving Disproportionality of Minorities
Regulations Regarding Disproportionate Representation
Amendments to IDEA
Measuring the Problem
Composition Index (CI)
Relative Risk Ratios (RRRs)
Disproportionality and the "Least Restrictive Environment" (LRE)
Re-Defining the Problem
Is Disproportionality Significant?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"An issue with the use of RRRs and other methods of calculation is that there is no one recognized approach for determining when disproportionality is large enough to be important. While there are methods for establishing statistical significance (i.e., is this RRR significantly larger, or smaller, than 1.0?), these methods are somewhat complex, raise other calculation problems, and may produce different results depending on the size of the district. A more common approach has been to randomly select a cutoff value at which disproportionality is viewed as socially significant."

Tags:measurement, esl, discrimination, index, research

Abstract
This paper shows that if capital punishment in the United States was truly judged on fairness and on the doctrine of equal protection under the law, every state would join the current moratorium against employment of the death penalty. The paper shows that it has been argued for years that a disproportionate number of minorities, indigent and under-educated individuals end up paying the ultimate price and too often so it seems because they were too poor or uneducated to prove their innocence.

From the Paper
"According to a recent study, an estimated 90 percent of American criminal defendants incarcerated for a capital crime are living in poverty when arrested, and nearly all have no money to pay for their defense by the time their case reaches the appeals stage. This means that at least 90 percent of these prisoners must rely upon court appointed attorneys, who many times are inexperienced and/or disinterested. In fact there are countless cases of counsel falling asleep at trial, or even arriving drunk."

Tags:American, Bar, Association, death, row, Supreme, Court

Abstract
This paper explains that, because society often condemns, discriminates and bullied them, gay, lesbian and bisexual youths (GBLT) are provoked into committing suicide because of their feelings of self-pity and self-hatred, which result in despair and depression. The author points out that, in North America, about 70 percent of GLBT reported experiencing some form of harassment or violence and more than half of the attempted suicides among this age group are GLBT. The paper stresses that these persons need immediate help, such as the process of crisis intervention, which the paper describes. The paper includes several quotations.

From the Paper
"A young person starts their sexual identity during their adolescence period. In this period, he can distinguish his own feelings, actions, and attractions to other people are getting visible. During adolescence, young people tend to experience their first adult erotic feelings, experiment with sexual behaviors, and develop a strong sense of their own gender identity and sexual orientation; gender identification includes understanding that a person is male or female as well as understanding the roles, values, duties, and responsibilities of being a man or a woman."

Tags:bully, statistics, despair, depression, crisis-intervention

Abstract
This paper explores the policies that the Juvenile Justice System has created to deal with juvenile offenders, in order to assess whether there is indeed an inherent propensity within the criminal justice system to sentence young minority offenders to correctional institutions in comparable crimes committed by white majority offenders.

Abstract
This paper explores the etiology of HIV/AIDS infections among African-American women, the impact of HIV/AIDS upon the African-American woman, and the theoretical issues proposed through risk and resiliency to these points of discussion. Risk issues include reasons of infection and the social and personal costs associated with coping with HIV/AIDS in the self and others.

From the Paper
"HIV/AIDS is a problem for all Americans, regardless of race, age, or gender, but some demographics suffer the impact of these diseases more than others (Miller et al, 2004). African-American women bear a statistically disproportionate rate of increase than any other group, even when it is taken into consideration that "the overwhelming majority of AIDS cases have always been, and continue to be, among adolescent and adult men who became infected with HIV through male-to-male sexual contact" (Social Work Speaks). In African-American women, however, the overall infection rate for HIV is unprecedented in any other population; "though only 13% of the U.S. female population, African- Americans constitute 57% of AIDS cases and 67% of HIV infections among women" (Robinson et al, 2002; 82)."

Tags:hiv, aids, black

Abstract
The paper discusses the concept of utilitarianism from a number of different angles and pays heed to writers such as John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham. The paper discusses the concept of rights and whether or not utilitarianism does fail as a theory of justice and whether or not it prioritises collective welfare over the individual.

From the Paper
"John Stuart Mill was also a strong advocate of utilitarianism, but he took a slightly different view to Bentham. In one of his most famous works "Utilitarianism" he differed from Bentham's views, he supported a view of utilitarianism that saw the individual not just as enhancing welfare but behaving in such a way that would enhance so that they could enhance their own welfare. However this view of utilitarianism still arguably treats people as producers of welfare rather than individuals and it still suppresses the interest of the individual underneath those of collective welfare. John Charvet discusses this when he says, "As disinterested moral agents men must treat each other, in respect of their potential for producing pleasure and pain." "

Tags:bentham, mill, rights, welfare

Abstract
The paper reveals that the smallest terrestrial planet has a disproportionately large iron core occupying "42% of its volume whereas the iron core of the Earth makes up only 17% of the terrestrial volume" (171). The current study investigates this topic for the purpose of determining whether plausible scientific theories exist to explain this unique characteristic of the planet Mercury. The paper shows how findings of the current study reveal that the three leading theories - the collision theory, the chemical differentiation of the proto-planetary disk theory, and the solar wind theory - are not supported by compelling evidence. The paper argues that future research on the subject is highly warranted.

From the Paper
"The smallest terrestrial planet has a disproportionately large iron core occupying "42% of its volume whereas the iron core of the Earth makes up only 17% of the terrestrial volume" (171). The current study investigates this topic for the purpose determining whether plausible scientific theories exist to explain this unique characteristic of the planet Mercury. Findings of the current study reveal that the three leading theories - the collision theory, the chemical differentiation of the proto-planetary disk theory, and the solar wind theory - are not supported..."

Tags:mercury, solar winds, protoplanetary disk