Abstract This paper examines the main hypothesis of whether increases in disposableincome, cause an increase in domestictravel, and the sub-hypothesis of whether domestictravel is a normal or luxury good. The paper explains that the main aim is to determine the true nature of the relationship between disposableincome and domestictravel. The paper further explores the effect of disposableincome on domestictravel. In conclusion, the paper shows that a complete model of domestictravel entails looking at all determinants of travel as a supposed explanatory variable before the relationship between personal disposableincome and domestictravel can be analyzed and this is necessary so that the relationship coefficients are unbiased.
Outline:
Literature Survey
Theory and Hypothesis: What is the Effect of DisposableIncome on DomesticTravel
From the Paper "Research that has centered on domestic travel, began as early as the 1960's, especially in wake of the fact that in many developed countries citizens were spending excessively on travel. Empirical studies by Gray found that disposable income was a major determinant of travel. Gray's analysis was an econometric model that included explanatory variables such as the foreign exchange rate, fare payments abroad, and travel spending by local residents. Gray's work also included another element that was absent in other papers, that is, Gray found that the prices of goods and services while traveling were an important determinant of travel. This particular model is important to the testing of the relevant hypotheses since, it gives a clear picture as to what the complete model of domestic travel should entail as explanatory variables. It is therefore less likely to get a biased determinant if all the necessary independent variables are included in the model; Gray's research paper dictates what these variables should be."
Abstract This paper's aim is to determine the true nature of the relationship between disposableincome and domestictravel. While examining the main hypothesis of whether increases in disposableincome cause an increase in domestictravel, the paper also tests the sub-hypothesis whether domestictravel is a normal or luxury good. This paper examines both of these issues concurrently using demand and supply analysis. The paper concludes that the literature survey does suggest that there is a positive relationship between personal disposableincome and domestictravel. The paper also notes , however, that it should be understood that a complete and unbiased model of domestictravel entails looking at all determinants of travel as a supposed explanatory variable before the relationship between personal disposableincome and domestictravel can be analyzed.
Outline:
Literature Survey
Theory and Hypothesis: Effect of DisposableIncome on DomesticTravel Graph: DomesticTravel and DisposableIncome
From the Paper "Research that has centered on domestic travel, began as early as the 1960's, especially in wake of the fact that in many developed countries citizens were spending excessively on travel. Empirical studies by Gray found that disposable income was a major determinant of travel. Gray's analysis was an econometric model that included explanatory variables such as the foreign exchange rate, fare payments abroad, and travel spending by local residents. Gray's work also included another element that was absent in other papers, that is, Gray found that the prices of goods and services while traveling were an important determinant of travel. This particular model is important to the testing of the relevant hypotheses since, it gives a clear picture as to what the complete model of domestic travel should entail as explanatory variables. It is therefore less likely to get a biased determinant if all the necessary independent variables are included in the model; Gray's research paper dictates what these variables should be."
Abstract This paper examines how an increase in personal income can decrease disposable spending. It explores the effects of aggregate demand and describes that a decrease in income taxes may offset the negative impact of reduced wealth on total spending. This paper includes a graph.
From the Paper "Personal income is income received by individuals from all possible sources. This includes wages, and income from dividends paid on investments. The largest component of total income is wages and salaries, a figure that can be estimated using payrolls and earnings data from the employment report. Beyond that, there are many other categories of income, including rental income, government subsidy payments, interest income, and dividend income. Personal income is a decent indicator of future consumer demand, but it is not perfect. Recessions usually occur when consumers stop spending, which then drives down income growth."
This paper discusses that surveys have shown that domestic violence (DV), which is a major problem in the U.S., is strongly related to alcohol and drug abuse.
Abstract This paper explains that domestic violence, when it includes not just the drug alcohol but also other mind-altering drugs, can be extremely vicious. The author points out that one of the most frequent and verifiable links to understanding DV is the cultural dynamics of individuals in the low-income bracket where violence is used as a strategy in conflict. The paper explores Sweden's anti-violence, alcohol-intervention campaign, which entails training in responsible beverage service for bartenders, enforcement of existing alcohol laws in bars, promotional posters in beverage retail stores, and a massive media campaign, as a model for the U.S.
Table of Contents
Statement of the Problem
Introduction / Thesis
Alcohol/Drug-related Family Violence Does Not Occur in a Social Vacuum
Present Realities and Statistics
What Does Alcohol Actually Do to the Individual and to the Brain?
Victim Treatment, Possible Solutions and Remedies
Conclusion
From the Paper "The fundamental difficulty with respect to studying DV, Jewkes asserts, is that "evidence for causation of intimate partner violence is weak, when assessed with epidemiological criteria" [since] diseases usually have a biological basis and occur within a social context, but intimate partner violence is entirely a product of its social context.? And, Jewkes adds, DV is often a "feature of sexual relationships or thwarted sexual relationships"? Alcohol, she concludes, is a contributor to intimate violence by both reducing inhibitions, and providing "social space" for "punishment"."
Abstract The paper shows that there are some important limitations of the real GDP concept as an indicator of improvements in the welfare of a society. The paper shows that the limitations of real GDP can be explored in three ways: (1) non-market productive activities are left out; (2) real GDP is not a welfare measure; and (3) inequality exists in the distribution of income.
From the Paper "Real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of the value of all the goods and services newly produced in a country during some period of time, adjusted for inflation. Real GDP has been increasing in Australia since the 1990s. According to Taylor, Moosa & Cowling (100) in Macroeconomics, improvements in the welfare of individuals in any society cannot occur without such increases in real GDP. However, real GDP was never intended for this role. It is merely a gross tally of goods and services bought and sold, with no distinctions between transactions that add to welfare, and those that diminish it. Instead of separating costs from benefits, and productive activities from destructive ones, real GDP assumes that every monetary transaction adds to welfare. Real GDP is the most comprehensive measure of a nation's economic activity."
Tags: Child-rearing, surplus, production, income, distribution
Abstract Disposable batteries have transformed the way that we live and the types of activities that we do. This discussion provides the reader with a natural history of disposable batteries from the time the raw materials are extracted from the earth to the time they are recycled or in a land fill. The environmental impact that batteries have along the path of creation, use, and disposal is also covered. This paper also discusses the peripheral impact of batteries, including how they are shipped, how much fuel is used, and how much pollution is created. Finally, it looks at the social impact of batteries and facts about the societies that make, use, and dispose of batteries.
Introduction
Natural History of Disposable Batteries
Uses
Environmental Impact
Peripheral Impact
Social Impact of Batteries
From the Paper "The concept of batteries was first discovered between 1780-1786 by Luigi Galvani. Galvani found that connecting iron and brass created an electrical current. His ideas were expanded upon by Alessandro Volta from 1796 to 1799 with the creation of the voltaic electricity. Voltaic electricity was found when Alessandro experimented with stacking silver and zinc plates to create a pile and form the first dry battery. Volta also created the first "crown of cups" which consisted of silver and zinc discs that were covered in a salt solution."
Abstract In this paper the author argues that the relative deprivation theory and the general strain theory best explain domestic violence, as well as the high rate of recidivism in domestic violence cases, despite punishment.
From the Paper "The relative deprivation theory believes that domestic violence occurs when there is a significant difference in the achievements of each of the members of the couple. In general, in my opinion, these tend to be professional achievements and the theory is best exemplified by those couples where the husband is unemployed or having a job that is not satisfying, while the wife is earning much more than him and is the one contributing most to the family budget."
Abstract This paper reviews the impact of debt relief on domestic social, political and economic situations. According to this paper, the external debt situation for a number of low-income countries has become extremely difficult in recent years, prompting the IMF and the World Bank to design a framework to provide special assistance to the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC).
Contents:
Introduction
Challenges and Future Policies
Diagnosis and Reflections on Poverty Reduction Policies
Poverty and Recession in Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa Deprived of Its Inheritance
The Urban Dynamics: Cities Suffer Most
Policy Design Post Evaluation
Conclusions
From the Paper "As for the implementation of the strategies, the principle of participation from different members of society opens up new prospects that will have an impact on the way national affairs are led. By favouring respect for the right to information and expression, participation fulfils one objective in that it deals with one of the key factors of poverty, namely exclusion and marginalisation. But the potential impact of this precept goes way beyond this aspect. Participation will only take on its full meaning if it really helps solve the problem of the lack of democracy in poor countries. It should give extra capabilities and power to intermediate bodies (the media, trade unions, associations, etc.) in drawing up, monitoring, controlling, assessing and redirecting the policies. Information is of course of utmost importance in this respect, and its formative nature must be underlined. It makes public choices explicit and increases transparency in the management of state affairs, whilst offering the different players in society the possibility of exerting pressure, or even taking sanctions in the case of failure. In short, making the state accountable for its actions before its citizens is at stake."
Tags: bank, debt, domestic, economics, gdp, gnp, imf, implications, relief, world
Abstract An argumentative paper, exploring the chemical make up of uranium, showing that it is extremely difficult to dispose of this material in a complete way. It looks at current disposal practices in the world and analyzes their pros and cons.
From the Paper "Radioactive material is defined as having atoms with extremely excited outer electron shells. This makes them unstable, excitable and an efficient means of providing energy to a population that can afford a nuclear power plant. The main source of this energy is Uranium. This is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and seawater. It is the most heavy element in the periodic table, having 146 neutrons and 92 protons in its stable form. The instable form has 143 neutrons and this is the kind that is used in cores to create energy (UIC website)."
Tags:disposal, nuclear, radioactive, sun, waste, water
Abstract This paper examines the problem of nuclear wastes and how it presents a particular dilemma on various fronts including health and security issues. Nuclear energy and technology has become an endemic part of modern society. The paper points out that concomitant with the significant advances in the production of nuclear energy as well as its application to the areas of medicine and defense has been the escalation of the problems of nuclear waste disposal.
Includes several graphs and tables and diagrams.
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Types of Nuclear Waste
3. Sources of Nuclear Waste
3.2. Storage of Low Level Waste
3.3 Long-Term Storage of High Level Waste
3.4. The Storage of Plutonium
3.5. Transmutation
4. Conclusion
From the Paper "This debate emphasizes the dilemma and the importance of finding a permanent and less environmentally hazardous solution to the problems of nuclear waster. All of the methods discussed above provide some solutions to the problems - but they do not as yet present a permanent and fully acceptable means of waste disposal and many of the methods have significant drawbacks and are often manpower intensive and open to the vicissitudes of human error. The answer to what to do with nuclear waste has not yet been adequately answered."
Abstract This paper examines the differences between two travel essays - "A Vocabulary for My Senses" by Timothy Bascom and "By the Big Sea Water" by William Least Heat-Moon. The writer explains that in the essay "By the Big Sea Water" Heat-Moon makes it alive, interesting and emotional because of the connections he sets up with the memories and feelings of a little boy. The writer further explains that the travel story told by Timothy Bascom in "A Vocabulary for My Senses" is very different. The writer notes how (in this essay) memories on their own would be interesting, as the physical details are rich and exotic, and vividly remembered, but the emotional side is also very rich, and makes the "travel story" that much more memorable and interesting. The writer then describes a personal travel experience and its lasting impression and effects on the writer.
From the Paper "In "By the Big Sea Water," William Least Heat-Moon writes a wonderful story that is part travel story, part nostalgia trip. He brilliantly evokes the nostalgia of a boy traveling with his father, seeing Lake Superior from this perspective. Obviously a lot of the importance of this trip for the boy was connected to the fact that he was with his father. This is clear from the fact that the father is physically present for us. For example, the little boy remembers his father in the wobbly cafe of long ago."
This paper compares Keynesian consumption theory and the more modern permanent income hypothesis by presenting the implications of the assumption that consumers are not myopic.
Abstract In this article, the writer studies J. M. Keynes' consumption theory, also known as the absolute income hypothesis, and the permanent income hypothesis, suggested by M. Friedman in the famous paper "A Theory of the Consumption Function". The writer starts with a brief overview of the Keynesian consumption theory and then continues with the explanation of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH). The writer maintains that the Keynesian consumption theory fails to provide a valid explanation of consumer behaviour in the sense that it does not incorporate rational expectations that sensible and generally forward-looking consumers make. The writer concludes that Friedman's permanent income hypothesis, therefore, becomes more plausible when it suggests that consumption tends to be smoothed out throughout time periods allowing for income fluctuations to occur and that consumption responds to permanent changes in permanent income rather than to temporary changes in actual income.
From the Paper "Clearly, the main weakness of the Keynes' theory is that it assumes that individuals are short-sighted because they observe their actual income only and ignore the potential future income (or lack of it). A more reasonable approach is to presume that consumers' behaviour is likely to be intelligent and forward-looking. In this case, current consumption decisions become highly dependent on the expectations about the future, i.e. future labour income, real interest rates or taxes. The model which incorporates these expectations is the permanent income hypothesis.
"The central idea behind the PIH model is that individuals form estimates of their ability to consume in the long run and then set current consumption to the appropriate fraction of that estimate in order to smooth out their consumption over periods even when their income may be subject to fluctuations."
Abstract This paper constitutes an admission essay into a specialized program. The essay itself is an answer to an open-ended question. The question asks if one could travel abroad for education, where would the author choose to travel and what would the author hope to gain from the cultural experience. In this case, the author choses to hypothetically travel to China and answers the question accordingly.
From the Paper "If I had the opportunity to travel for my education or personal interest I would be most interested in visiting Eastern Asia, particularly China. I feel that I could learn a tremendous amount from the culture, people and historical sights in that area of the world. The Chinese have had an extremely rich and varied history, often struggling but maintaining a strong lineage of culture and pride. While they still sometimes struggle with politics and individual rights, they are currently emerging as an economic power in the world. The political balancing act that is constantly going on there is fascinating, and I would love to learn and see first hand what changes are taking place. Most of the information about China that most Americans see is from news sources taking a more global and Westernized view of things."
Abstract This paper discusses the increasing inequality in the distribution of income in the United States. According to the writer, this subject has been a subject of considerable public concern, political attention, and academic research. Income inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. The paper details ways to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor in the U.S.A through radical changes with minimum wages, taxation methods and welfare programs.
Outline:
Summary Introduction
Unequal Income Distribution in USA
Conclusion
From the Paper "In recent years, increasing inequality in the distribution of income has been a subject of considerable public concern, political attention, and academic research. Income inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. The relative income, or gauge, can be defined how well the poor are doing economically compared to the rich. In other words inequality is a measure of how equally the income pie is divided among all members of society. "
Abstract This paper presents a case study of the hospitality and tourism dynamics of online travel agencies in general, and the company Travelocity, a leading provider of consumer-direct travel services for leisure and business, in particular. The author has included in this paper a copy of Travelocity's Customer Bill of Rights.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Supply, Demand and Macroeconomic Factors
Online Travel Agencies
Travelocity
Current and Future Trends
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Today, the travel and tourism industries have shaken off most of the adverse effects of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 to reassume a leading role in the global economy. In this environment, identifying how companies competing in this industry have managed to achieve success where others have failed represents a valuable and timely endeavor. To this end, this case study provides a critical evaluation of the strategies implemented by the online travel agency, Travelocity, in striving for sustainable competitive advantage. An analysis of the supply and demand factors and macroeconomic factors that affect the business is followed by a comparable assessment of contemporary issues that affect the company's supply and others affecting the demand for their products and services. An examination of changes that are affecting the company including the rise of the "ethical" consumer and the implications of national/international policies upon the activities of online travel agencies in general and Travelocity in particular is followed by a summary of the research, important findings and salient recommendations in the conclusion."
