Abstract This paper discusses that as neighborhoods change, some residents leave willingly to find a better home, others leave because they no longer wish to live in a neighborhood that may have been decimated by drugs and crime as the more affluent people moved out and those from a lower economic position move in. The author points out that Latinos are particularly vulnerable to displacement, one way or another, by the flight of European Americans to the suburbs; nonetheless, sometimes Latinos who are high on the economic ladder who are among the first to leave. The paper relates that redeveloping these neighborhoods is often accomplished through gentrification, which, unfortunately, often drives housing prices up, displacing great numbers of residents particularly Latinos, who can no longer afford to live where they had settled.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Chicago/West Town Studies
Latino Displacement Gentrification in General
From the Paper "Hudspeth specifically considered West Town in a 2003 case study. She noted that "what has happened in West Town is almost a 'textbook case' of the gentrification process...West Town was a low-income Latino neighborhood in the 1960s and 1970s." Gentrification began in the late 1970s, a the area attracted artists, and middle and upper income professionals as well as historic preservationists; most of these people were white, not Latino. Perhaps what is most interesting about the Hudspeth study is that it seems to ratify Betancur's conclusions: it is the better off Latinos who exit first. West Town lost 1,180 of its existing families between 1990 and 2000. At the same time, it gained 2,088 non-poor families."
Abstract This paper discusses how the first peoples of Southern New England were the American Indians and how their lives were radically altered during the 17th century as their culture came into conflict with that of the Europeans. It examines the original culture of the area and looks at what made the region attractive to the Europeans who displaced the natives. It explores how the final outcome of European incursions into the area was the result of the traditional native settlement patterns and the ways in which these interacted with the specific goals of the Europeans. It shows how the displacement (and often murder) of Native Americans by European and later white Americans tends to be treated as if it were all a single phenomenon when in fact the displacement of natives by whites varied from place to place and across time depending on the specific cultures that came together with the desire to occupy the same land.
From the Paper "Indians of this region, as noted above, certainly supplemented their food collection activities with horticulture. The major crops of the natives of this region were maize, kidney beans, squash, Jerusalem artichokes and tobacco. These were planted in fields from which the smaller plants had been cleared and the trees cut down (the stumps removed when the roots died). Spades were made of hardwood to help in the cultivation and fish were used as fertilizer (although this practice may have been borrowed from the Europeans)."
Abstract This is a writeup of chemistry experiments in synthesis, decomposition, single displacement and double displacement reactions with explanations of materials, methods and results. Discusses the procedures of the experiment.
From the Paper "Each chemical equation represents a specific chemical reaction and identifies the reactants and products. Reactants appear on the left side of the equation and products on the right side separated by an arrow indicating the direction in which the reaction takes place. Equations must be balanced to be correct meaning the same number of each kind of atom must appear on each side of the equation. For example, when iron rusts it combines with oxygen to form a new compound iron oxide Fe O and..."
Tags: synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement
A review of an experiment to determine how an activity series can be developed based on potential single displacement reactions with given metals and solutions.
Abstract The paper first lists the materials and procedures that were used in an experiment designed to determine how an activity series can be developed based on potential single displacement reactions with given metals and solutions. It then provides a table of the qualitative observations of the metals and solutions before the reaction occurred. The paper also presents a table of what happened during and after to the metals in the top row and solutions in the left column of a potential single displacement reaction when mixed together. The paper explains and discusses the conclusions drawn from these observations.
From the Paper "Observing potential single displacement reactions and examining to see if a chemical reaction actually occurred can develop an activity series. Based on the observations it can create an activity series because it is possible to see which metals are the most reactive. For example, in the experimental design that was used magnesium reacted with almost everything so it was evident that it should be near the top of the list. The metal that did not react with anything would mean that is the least reactive and it should be near the bottom of the activity series. To determine which metals will be in between the most and least reactive metal the individual reactions need to be looked at closer. The potential single displacement reaction can either occur or not occur based on which metal is higher in the activity series. This allows an activity series to be developed. Therefore, from most reactive to least reactive, the final activity series developed would be: magnesium, zinc, aluminum, iron and copper."
Examines the reasons why Paul Attewell (1996) concludes that processes of goal displacement can explain much of the so-called productivity paradox in information technology.
2,620 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 25 sources, 2000, $ 78.95
Abstract Introduction
Paul Attewell's Research and Findings
The Merits of Paul Attewell's Goal Displacement Theory
Future Impact of Information and Computing Technologies
and the Likely Constraints
Conclusion
From the Paper "Computers and micro-technology have become embedded in all modern life activity. It would be unimaginable to consider an era where airline reservations, stock exchange trade, payroll accounting took place without such technology. On any given day the NYSE trades over 2 billion shares. Commercial banks transact over 100's of billions (dollar equivalent) in bank transactions, not to mention the immense and incalculable benefits from online connectivity. The volume of these transactions that take place would be impossible if not for computing technologies. IT today has revolutionized services in the tertiary sector (service sector) industries that are increasingly integral part of basic good producing industries. But the real case that seems to exist within accounting statistics seems to unravel a different outlook for productivity."
Abstract This essay deals with the deep-rooted sense of loss that the main characters find themselves which results from the displacement of the characters from their homelands and which works itself out in violence. The paper connects the characters to Morrison's own childhood in the 1930s. The paper then explores the setting of the novel in relation to the dislocation of blacks using historical knowledge of the decline of the Harlem Renaissance during the Great Depression. The paper examines Morrison's writing style in relation to the novel's title, and compares "Jazz" to Morrison's previous novel, "Beloved."
From the Paper "The black Americans of the years of the Great Depression believed that they were moving out of the South voluntarily, and of course in many ways they were. But the forces that made them want to leave (racism, segregation, poverty, lack of opportunity for jobs or education) were beyond their control, and so the idea that they went north entirely out of their own free will is an illusory one. They were pushed out of the South, even if many did not feel the shove. And because they believed that they went willingly, they did not see the price that they would have to pay in leaving their homeland behind. Even as many blacks in the 1920s and 1930s felt deeply alienated from the South, the truth was that it had been their home for generations. Casting off a home leaves scars. Immigrants may well believe that the place that they end up in is a better one than the place that they left behind, but they will never be entirely whole again once they become displaced people. Much of the psychological motivations in Jazz relate to the state of exile (even if voluntary, even if in many ways exhilarating) in which these characters find themselves."
Abstract Mavis Gallant who is very famous for her short stories depicts a very realistic portrayal of characters who find themselves in foreign territory. All of this is connected with how history intersects with peoples' real lives. The author is interested in how exiles must cope in the world and through many of her vivid details, we begin to understand the pain of cultural displacement, as well as of foreign travel.
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "Learning to Labor" by Paul Willis and seek to identify its source of understanding in this field. By analyzing a note that is left behind at the end of the tale, we can see how the connected qualities of social displacement occur in the text of the story, as well as in the ideas about social class structure that abound within the book. His association of the place of learning in a school tells us that it happens when people are very young and the idea that little notes reflect, in even the smallest way, the idea of class structure that we all live in.
A look at the 'Maquiladora' program that helps in establishing small shops and businesses with the primary objective of providing jobs to displaced farmers.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 26.95
Abstract This three-page undergraduate paper discusses the 'Maquiladora' program that helps in establishing small shops and businesses with the primary objective of providing jobs to displaced farmers. The program was started some thirty years ago in Mexico and it was further strengthened under North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement.
Abstract This paper examines and summarizes dozens of research studies about immigrants to Australia in the aftermath of World War II. The paper focuses on the works of social scientists -- primarily sociologists -- regarding the displaced placed persons phenomenon and its impact on Australia. The paper also looks at studies that researched the ability of these DPs to integrate into Australian society -- both at the time and over the long-term. Another study focuses on the corollaries between the DP immigration and later immigration from the Far East and Asia. Finally, the paper looks at research into the Australian governments handling of immigration and immigrant issues.
From the Paper "Post war immigration is discussed briefly in general histories of Australia such as Crawford, Shaw and Ward. In these surveys, the reasons for Australia new immigration policy are discussed briefly, with some mention of the Displaced Persons Scheme, but in no great detail. The first thorough archival research work on the topic was conducted by Andrew Markus and in 1984 he published two articles in Labour History, the first concentrated on the development of post war immigration policy. Markus argued that prior to World War II, the Australian Labor Party opposed governmentally sponsored immigration plans on the grounds that an increased work force would strengthen the bargaining position of employers. During and immediately following the war, however, Labor endorsed immigration as a means of securing Australia's ability to defend itself and to develop the nation's resources. The second article specifically examined the Displaced Persons Scheme. Markus discussed the origins of the scheme, the reasons for its expansion and government attempts to gain the support of unions , the media and the general public. A feature of Markus's work is his detailed use of the Department of Immigration files. Markus pioneered the use of this important archival resource. Markus's articles were followed by longer studies in the late 1980s. In 1988 Glenda Sluga's work on Bonegilla was published."
Abstract The following paper looks at the impact of European colonialism upon its own self-identity and upon its place in the world by reviewing a text entitled, :Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies.: While the reading glosses over the impact of the Europeans upon the indigenous peoples they were displacing, it does offer some interesting insights into how overseas adventurism changed European cartography and self-identification.
From the Paper "As much as Western imperial powers may wish otherwise, there can be little doubt that colonialism inflicted great harm upon many indigenous peoples the world over. Of all the many depredations that can be laid at the feet of colonial activity, one of the most pernicious was - and remains - population displacement. Among other things, this paper will examine the extent to which population displacement is treated in Modernity: an Introduction to Modern Societies. As will soon become evident, the paper refers to the issue of population displacement only obliquely while focusing far more upon the impact of Western expansion and colonialism upon western self-identity. "
Abstract Hurricane Katrina was the worst natural disaster in American History. Although the storm itself was a destructive force, the social and political issues that arose in its wake are likely to go down in history as even more destructive. One of the most discussed social issues has to do with the increased crime rates that have occurred in cities that absorbed large numbers of Hurricane Katrina evacuees. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of citizen displacement on cities such as Houston and San Antonio, Texas. In particular it focuses on the rising crime rate in Houston and the theory that may explain why there has been such a significant increase in the amount of crime in the area.
Outline:
Introduction
Crime Increases in Houston, Texas Following Hurricane Katrina
Social Disorganization Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper "There may be several reasons why the increase in crime has been so prevalent in Houston. For the purposes of this discussion, we will focus on Social disorganization theory particularly as it relates to residential instability. According to National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) social disorganization theory can be described as
"an inability of community members to achieve shared values or to solve jointly experienced problems (Bursik, 1988; Social Disorganization and Rural Communities)." The article explains further that the problem of social disorganization is usually prevalent in urban areas that are the only places the newly arriving poor (evacuees) can afford to live. "
Abstract The paper defines gentrification as turning old, decaying neighborhoods inhabited by minorities into wealthy, exciting and sparkling new communities in which the original residents cannot afford to live. The paper discusses how new businesses that move in are affected by gentrification. The paper examines Winifred Curran's "Gentrification and the Nature of Work: Exploring the Links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn" where she shows how small-scale manufacturing and blue-collar work in Williamsburg has been displaced by gentrification. The paper also discusses Jason Patch's work on the embedded landscape of gentrification.
From the Paper "Very little has been written on the blue-collar workers that remain in the central city. The work they have done and their presence, despite the assumption that deindustrialization is complete by policymakers, make up a crucial element of the neighborhood, an element that would be removed if gentrification is allowed to continue, tearing out the heart of the lifeforce that makes Williamsburg what it is. Manufacturing is still a viable sector of the urban economy that is increasingly at risk of displacement, she argues, and because of that the conversion of industrial space to residential use is simply due to speculative real-estate pressure. Gentrification is encouraging industrial displacement in this transitional area of Brooklyn, which in turn is leading to the degradation of blue-collar work that remains there, and to the increasing informality of work."
Abstract The paper discusses the horrific violence and barbaric civil war which broke out in the Sudanese providence of Darfur. The paper details the conflict that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths, millions of individuals displaced, and still other tens of thousand refugees. While the conflict arose from racial tensions in the area between various primary groups, the involvement of the Sudanese government in the genocide of Africans added a layer of complexity to the fighting that would otherwise have been unachievable. The paper discusses the Darfur conflict in terms of the terrorism of the Janjaweed, or Arabic fighters of southern Darfur, and the crimes against humanity committed by those individuals. The paper clearly shows that although the Sudanese government denied involvement with the Janjaweed, the situation in Darfur is clearly governmental supported terrorism.
From the Paper "Late in the 1880's, the Ottoman administration of Sudan collapsed. By 1898, British forces took over, and separated the North from the South until 1947. Political power was originally given to the north, but in 1955, a collection of southern army officers revolted, forming the Anya-Nya movement. By 1958, General Abboud seized power, and began to institute Islamisation. However, in 1964, an uprising forced Abboud to flee office, and a series of coups occurred until General Nimieri took over rule in 1969. Following a failed Communist coup in 1971, Nimieri began to ally with southern rebels and armies from Ethiopia and Uganda. As a result, the Addis Ababa peace agreement was signed in 1972, which allowed the Anya-Nya to join the national army, and allowed the south full autonomy ".
Abstract This paper examines how in Patrick Hamilton's "The Slaves of Solitude" the narrator articulates the period of the Blitz as one of perpetual invasion. It looks at how it makes Hamilton's protagonist feel as though her private space is invaded and controlled by the war effort. Roach cannot own things, because her objects are shared, rationed, or destroyed; for the same reasons, she cannot reclaim spaces--after she is bombed out of London, she is forced to rent rooms at places like the Rosamund Tea Rooms and the luxurious Claridge's. It also looks at how Hamilton's novel is about intrusive acts and personal invasions, whether by other characters or by the war itself; the consequence of such acts is one's sense of physical and psychological displacement, which stems from "the material end of things."
From the Paper "Through Roach, Hamilton articulates the difficulties of achieving a level of intimacy with objects (such as combs, mirrors, and various "gadgets" [241]) in rented spaces during the Second World War. The author underscores the complex way in which Londoners--like Miss Roach, who have been "bombed out of London" (29) and who have consequently lost many of their material possessions--desire to reclaim their displaced objects and, through these objects, their private lives. Yet Roach's quest for ownership also encompasses a more abstract possessive desire that necessarily entails the disembodiment of characters like the Lieutenant; she objectifies individuals as part of her desire to "claim" (Slaves of Solitude 27) them. Moreover, her point of view dominates so much of the novel that one feels her voice in tension with that of the narrator. These features of the text illuminate Roach's intense desire to own and to possess numerous things. "
