Abstract
This paper provides a general introduction to and an overview of interest rates and exchange rates in different situations. The paper presents a case study that discusses reasons for the US current deficit and the weakness in the market of Sterling. The paper also discusses the power of comments by the president of the Minneapolis Federal Reserve and of Central Bank officials on the markets.

Methodology
Introduction To Exchange Rates
Fixed Exchange Rates
Dual Exchange Rates
Foreign Exchange Market
Introduction To Interest Rates
Interest Rate Risks
Interest Rate Swaps
Interest Rate Ceiling
Case Study
What Are The Reasons For The US Current Account Deficit?
What Are The Reasons For The Weakness In The Market Of Sterling?
Consider The Reported Comment Of The President Of The Minneapolis Federal Reserve And Discuss The Importance Of Comments By Central Bank Officials, Are Markets Over Sensitive In Discovering "Hints In Comments By Officials?
How Powerful In Relation To The US Interest Rate Decision Is
The President Of The Minneapolis Federal Reserve?
In Relation To The Euro, What Is Meant By The Single
Currency's Ability To Disperse Country Specific Political Risk?
How Does The Euro Differ From The Sterling In This Regard?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Speculators can be divided into short-term (one week or less) and those with a long-run horizon (P. Howells Ch.18,2005). Short-termers are like to hold extrapolative expectations whilst long termers hold regressive expectations. Thus markets will be oversensitive depending on which of the groups dominates the market at one particular time. The importance of comments made by the central bank is also likely to be dependent upon who actually says it, and the power they have to make there comments take affect. Thus the comment of a juniour analyst are not taken with the same amount of importance as say the president of the Federal Reserve. Generally, when comments are made by central bank officials this is because they have the power to influence economic variables thus trying to establish market effeciency and smoothness when changes are likely to be made to economic variables."

Tags:global banking, finance markets sterling dollar cost-benefit

Abstract
The paper aims to explore the effect nutrition has on the individual's resilience to cancer, to identify the most important foods or supplements in combating cancer and to discover the best method that might be used to disseminate and disperse this critical information to the public. The paper outlines the planned study and presents a comprehensive literature review.

Outline:
Part One: Introduction to the Study
Introduction
Purpose of Study
Research Questions
Significance of Study
Methodology
Organization of the Study
Part Two: Literature Review

From the Paper
"In 1984, the American Cancer Society Medical and Scientific Committee and its Board of Directors approved a report concerning cancer to be published. This report states that individuals are generally exposed to carcinogens "...20 to 30 years before a statistically significant increase in cancer can be detected. Only then can it be adduced that the increase in cancer may have been caused by exposure to specific carcinogens." (p.121) In fact, it is stated in the 1984 report that there was good reason at that time "to suspect that dietary habits contribute to human cancer..." however, the interpretation of epidemiologic and laboratory data was stated and naturally this still is applicable to be "very complex" and of the nature that it does not allow for conclusions that are clear-cut in nature.
"Recommendations stated in 1984 by the American Cancer Society were those listed as follows: (1) Avoid obesity; (2) Cut down on total fat intake; (3) Eat more high fiber foods including whole grain cereals, fruits and vegetables; (4) Include foods that are rich in vitamins A and C in the daily diet; (5) Include cruciferous vegetables in the diet. (Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and cauliflower); (6) Consume alcoholic beverages only moderately; and (7) Only moderately consume salt-cured, smoked and nitrate cured foods. "

Tags:weight, obesity, fat, vitamins, supplements

Abstract
This paper considers a number of issues in relation to the UK and its interaction with the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and why the UK currently remains outside of the Euro Zone. In doing so the paper considers what is meant by the ERM and how the system failed with specific reference to the events of 1992. Next, the paper discusses the extent the UK's experience of the ERM has colored the UK's European experience and as such been a factor in preventing the UK from entering the Euro Zone. The second part of the essay specifically examines the issue of the Euro Zone and why the UK has not yet joined. Additionally, the paper addresses the pros and cons of Euro Zone membership for the UK attempting to analyze the reasons for which the UK has remained outside of the common currency. Finally the paper gives a set of recommendations and conclusions based upon the research conducted as to whether or not the UK should at a future point join the Euro Zone.

Outline:

1.0 Introduction
2.0 The ERM
3.0 Failure of the ERM in 1992
4.0 Why the UK has not entered the Euro Zone
5.0 Recommendations
6.0 Conclusion

From the Paper
To what extent did the failure of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) provide sufficient evidence that the UK should not be part of the Euro Zone?
1.0 Introduction
This essay will consider a number of issues in relation to the UK and its interaction with the ERM and why the UK currently remains outside of the Euro Zone. In doing so the essay will consider firstly what is meant by the ERM and how the system failed with specific reference to the events of 1992. Secondly the essay will consider to what extent the UK's experience of the ERM has coloured the UK's European experience and as such been a factor in preventing the UK from entering the Euro Zone. The second part of the essay will consider specifically the issue of the Euro Zone and why the UK has not yet joined, here the essay will consider the pros and cons of Euro Zone membership for the UK attempting to analyse the reasons for which the UK has remained outside of the common currency so far for reasons beyond that of the failings of the ERM.

Tags:ERM, EMU, European exchange rate mechanism, Euro Zone, EU, UK

Abstract
This paper details the various results between male and female Belding squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) when free-living populations were subjected to experimental manipulation by the provision of food. In free-living and un-manipulated populations, 100% of Belding squirrel males disperse by the time they become active breeders. In contrast, their female counterparts breed very close to their birth sites with only 8% exhibiting natal dispersion. This paper details the varying results of the squirrel's behavior when their environment had been provided with food, which resulted in the female dispersal rate to significantly increase from 8% to 40%.

From the Paper
"Despite the apparent sagacity of the above hypothesis, it fails to explain in cost-benefit analysis fashion why female S. beldingi pass up the increased and more accessible survival resources in exchange for other marginally tangible ones. Another datum that might yield additional insight is the fact that dispersing females were significantly fatter than non-provisioned conspecifics of the same age. This indicates that perhaps the dispersing females had reached a caloric saturation point at which marginal increases in calories were far outweighed by the exponential increase in breeding resources available if the animal dispersed. Further evidence that animals make a dispersal/non-dispersal decision is given by a study on the common lizard. This study indicates that lizards disperse or not depending on the survival probability of their parents, viz. the owners of the natal territory."

Tags:animal, study, research, experiment, behavior

Abstract
This paper explains that, whereas marriage used to be an institution, which helped individuals gather and maintain wealth and eventually give some of it to the government, divorce is the great disperser of wealth because two households now must be supported thus stimulating the economy. The author points out that, if both partners work, they pay more proportionally because of the marriage tax; however, if the tax payer is a single head of household, the tax rate is significantly lower than for a married individual filing a separate income tax return; single head of household parents, who fall below a certain income level, are given special tax breaks called tax incentives to help pay for childcare. This paper relates that some states, like Louisiana, have actually changed their laws so that there are two types of marriage contract: The "Death Do Us Part" marriage, which requires extensive legal maneuvering to dissolve, or the "Until We Get Tired of Each Other" marriage, which makes marriage easier dissolve. Several long quotes.

From the Paper
"There have been studies that divorced fathers buy their children more toys and take them to more places of amusements than married fathers. Divorced fathers also need a social life, so they buy newer clothing and go to events where they can meet available divorced or single women. Divorced women also tend to over indulge their children, because they always feel guilty about leaving their children with the baby sitter. Divorced women with access to childcare also date. They buy new clothes and spend money on health clubs and dieting that they not do if they were happily married. All of this buying is good for the economy. The State governments get more sales tax money, the Gross National Product keeps raising and this keeps the Federal Government happy as well."

Tags:dowry, marriage-tax, no-fault, capitalists, lawyers

Abstract
This paper describes the categories of biological agents that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified as posing a significant bioterrorism risk. The paper points out that botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum has been tagged by the CDC as being in the highest risk category because it is easily transmitted from one person to another, possess high morbidity rates and has the potential for widespread panic and public chaos. The paper relates that there is a great challenge to health authorities in distinguishing a naturally-occurring botulism outbreak and one that is the result of a terrorist attack because the botulism symptoms from either scenario are the same.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Clostridium Botulinum and the Botulinum Toxin
Botulism: Background, Pathogenesis and Treatment
Botulism and Bioterrorism
Challenges to Preventing a Botulinum Bioterrorist Attack
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Biological agents used in bioterrorism attacks are commonly found in nature but are often scientifically manipulated in order to increase their potency, their antimicrobial resistance and their dispersal factor. In their campaign to sow their seeds of terror, terrorists have increasingly turned to biological warfare because unlike traditional tactics such as nuclear warfare, biological weapons are inconspicuous and often invisible to the human eye. They remain undetected by authorities during their latent or incubation periods as they slowly infect the majority of the population."

Tags:category, clostridium botulinum, nature, dispersal rate, incubation periods

Abstract
This paper explains the development of non-profit microfinancing, which gave poor people the ability to help themselves, and the extension of this movement into for-profit microfinancing organizations. Next, the author suggests that for-profit microfinance banks will give better service to the poor because these organizations will compete by offering different rates, benefits, advice and technologies. The paper proposes a quantitative study comparing the treatment of clients, interest rates, services offered, loans dispersed and money earned by a private, not-for-profit microfinancing organization and a for-profit commercialized microfinancing institution.

Table of Contents:
Introduction and Background
Thesis and Significance
Brief Review of Literature
Methodology and Conclusion

From the Paper
"In addition to the individual level, the commercialization of microfinance has several benefits on the macroeconomic level. Competing institutions is the first step to building a viable market economy. Learning how to compete on the financial realm will allow businesses to understand competition within the market environment, encouraging them to invest in other mediums, to trade with other countries, and to master the concepts of opportunity cost and production possibilities, which will move them forward in self sustainability."

Tags:women, entrepreneurs, anecdotal, competition, quantitative

Abstract
This paper presents a competitive analysis that thoroughly evaluates Target as a competitor of Wal-Mart. The paper focuses specifically on the areas of depth of assortment, brand variety and appeal, dispersion of brands across a pricing spectrum, consistency of inventory, pricing (both execution and optimization), and overall rating of performance. The paper concludes with key recommendations for Wal-Mart at a tactical level from a product, pricing, and distribution standpoint. Graphs, tables, and charts are included with the paper.

Outline:
Current Situation
Company Overview
Competitor Analysis
Performance of the Company & Organization
Assessment of Current Marketing Operations
Strategic Marketing Issues
Tactical Marketing Issues

From the Paper
"Due to the breadth of businesses that Wal-mart is in, including the many different retail and service lines, the company has an abundance of competitors. The majorities are smaller, regionally focused, and as a result there is a high level of fragmentation throughout their base of competitors. Contrary to this fragmentation however is the emergence of Target in the U.S., Canada and Mexico as the most dominant competitor in the mass merchandising arena. The intent of this competitive analysis is to thoroughly evaluate Target as a competitor of Wal-Mart, specifically in the areas of depth of assortment, brand variety and appeal, dispersion of brands across a pricing spectrum, consistency of inventory, pricing (both execution and optimization), and overall rating of performance. Figure 1, Key Attribute Summary, highlights the ratings given to each company, across the years 2005 and 2006 by investment and equity analysts. "

Tags:Wal-Mart, target, business, competitors, strategy

Abstract
This paper identifies a research issue, opportunity or problem that uses a data set consisting of at least 10-20 absolute zero measurements. In particular, the paper details primary and secondary data obtained from the Internet and other resources that expound upon the issue of declining teen pregnancy rates in the US. The paper further describes the methods used to collect the data along with calculations for the measures of central tendency and dispersion. The paper then displays the descriptive statistical data using graphic and tabular techniques along with an explanation of the data. The paper concludes with an action plan for the teenage pregnancy issues based on the data.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Methodology
Data Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The pregnancy rate of teenagers in the United States continues to be an issue of high social concern. "While teenage birthrates have declined significantly in the past decade, they remain high and still impose a social and individual cost" (King, 2005). Knowing the rates have declined, a relevant question is; what factors facilitated the decline and can the factors be used to continue the decline? Two reasons accredited for the decrease in trend include the increased accessibility and use of family planning services and the exposure given to the dangers of unprotected sex by the mainstream media. Additionally, this report will provide details on the collection of primary data associated with the hypotheses."

Tags:data, teenage, pregnancy, family, planning, counseling, sex, health

Abstract
This paper explains that San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is proposing a runway reconfiguration plan, which would fill more than two square miles of the Bay to allow simultaneous landings in poor weather; however, poor weather accounts for less than 20 percent of the delays at SFO. The author points out that the vast majority of delays are caused by airlines operations such as aggressive scheduling by airlines and slow passenger loading and unloading, aircraft refueling and baggage handling. The paper recommends that SFO can better reduce delays in all weather conditions by spreading arrivals and departures more evenly, using larger planes to reduce the total number of flights and reducing the number of commuter flights.


Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Objectives for Runway Program
Traffic Impacts
Effects on Environment
Alternatives to Runway Expansion
Adverse Impact on Leisure
Reducing Delays by Cutting Arrival Rates
Implement Modern Technology
Disperse Flight Arrival
Use Other Capacity
Promote Balanced Service
Alternative Transportation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"SFO's runway construction plans include up to two square miles of bay fill. The largest substitute calls for filling 1,332 acres of the bay. By comparison, only 400 acres of the bay have been lost to fill during the last 35 years. The largest runway configurations would also restrict the tidal flow to another 5-6 square miles of bay that would be bounded on three sides. An area of the bay that was likewise enclosed by the existing runways was transformed into mud flats. In all, 8 square miles of bay could be lost to fill, but the impacts on the circulation of the bay may be even inferior. The proposed runways extend far offshore and will impede the tidal flows that flush contaminants from the South Bay. SFO's Science Panel found that with the new runways, "changes in the tidal and sedimentation supply regimes could severely affect the form and ecological function of intertidal habitats throughout the subregion.""

Tags:fill, operations, tidal-flow, commuter-flights, technology