Abstract
This paper presents several cases that demonstrate disparate impact and treatment in the workplace. The paper defines disparate impact and treatment as when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class. Such practices can include tests, academic requirements, and physical necessities. The specific cases are highlighted for their importance to this issue and their verdicts are clearly presented.

Outline:
Disparate Impact
Disparate Treatment
Case Overview: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
The Final Rule: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
Implications in Today's Business Environment: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health

From the Paper
"The first case in history to examine disparate impact, Griggs V. Duke Power Co. made its way to the Supreme Court of the land. First heard in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, African American employees of the Duke Power Company brought a class action suit against their employer (Griggs, 1971). At the time, the power company required employees to hold a high school diploma and satisfactory scores on an intelligence test (Griggs, 1971). During times of heated racial debate, these requirements were put in place for positions previously held only by Caucasian employees (Griggs, 1971). While the District Court dismissed their case, Griggs V. Duke Power went on to an appellate court, where the decision was reversed, but the diploma and test requirement practices were upheld (Griggs, 1971). "

Tags:employment, discrimination

Abstract
This paper explains that the City of Jackson, Mississippi adopted a revised pay plan granting raises to all city employees in the police and fire departments under which officers and dispatchers with fewer than five years tenure received proportionately greater raises than employees who had more than five years tenure. The author relates that a disparate impact claim, "Smith vs. City of Jackson", under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was made; but the court, in an 8-0 opinion, rejected it because employees failed to identify any specific practice within the pay plan that had an adverse impact on older workers and the city's plan was based on reasonable factors other than age. The paper points out that the "Jespersen vs. Harrah's" in which Jespersen refused to comply with the makeup requirements, claiming disparate sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also was rejected because the requirement imposed equal burdens on both sexes.

From the Paper
"The question presented was whether a disparate impact claim, a claim alleging unintentional discrimination, can be made under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). In an 8-0 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court held that ADEA authorized recovery in disparate-impact cases, but that in this case petitioners failed to set forth a valid claim. The Court relied on its 1971 decision in Griggs v. Duke Power, where the Court first authorized disparate-impact claims brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."

Tags:sex, age, discrimination, rejection, adverse

Abstract
This paper uses two legal cases to illustrate disparate treatment in business: Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital Of Texas, which concerned health issues due to pregnancy, and Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab, which concerned older workers. The author points out that Office Depot, to avoid charges of disparate treatment, provides chairs at the register for pregnant employees who are customer service representatives and has a community-supporting policy of seeking older employees. The paper concludes that employees have multifaceted rights under federal, state, and local statues; therefore, managers must not make judgments without consulting with their legal advisers and human resources experts.

Table of Contents
Disparate Treatment
Disparate Impact
Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital of Texas
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Ms. Garcia became pregnant while working at the Women's Hospital of Texas. Ms Garcia was forced to convalesce at home by her doctor because of health related issues due to the pregnancy. Her doctor released her to return to work after a few weeks, believing she was fit to perform her duties. The hospital administration, consistent with hospital policy, required the doctor to certify on a prepared form that Garcia could perform a variety of ostensibly required tasks. Her doctor certified that Garcia could perform all of the listed tasks with the exception of pushing, pulling or supporting 150 pounds. (Garcia V. Woman's Hospital of Texas, 1996) Consistent with hospital policy, Garcia was not allowed to return to work with the above limitation, and after she was on leave for more than six months the hospital terminated her, again consistent with hospital policy."

Tags:chair, community-supporting, multifaceted, advice, tasks

From the Paper
"Disparate Impact and the Civil Rights Act of 1991

This paper will first discuss the disparate impact theory and the respective burdens of the plaintiff and defendant under this theory as it was articulated up until Wards Cove v. Antonio.1 It will then discuss the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 19912 upon future disparate impact cases and public policy.

The disparate impact theory was first articulated by, the Supreme Court in 1971 in Griggs v. Duke Power Co.3 In this case, job applicants were required to take a general intelligence test and produce a high school diploma, the effect being to disadvantage black applicants. The Court said that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited practices which are neutral in form but discriminatory in operation unless they are ..."

Abstract
This paper researches the effects that extracurricular activities can have on a student's studies. It highlights the impact that the parents and community wellbeing has on the overall implementation of extracurricular activities as well as how the different abilities one develops through the extracurricular activity programs can enhance the approach towards academic performances. The paper's purpose is to identify whether, through the instruction of interpersonal abilities, constrictive inter-reliance, individual responsibility, and group management, extracurricular activity programs help or hinder the overall student performance levels; help group cooperation and promotion; help or hinder in making students more comfortable and self-assured; help or hinder in promoting individual input and brilliance; help or hinder in making the comprehension of difficult or intricate subject matter easier; and help or hinder in promoting team awareness and spirit. It also includes a literature review of the subject.

Outline:
Introduction
Impact of extracurricular activities and its effects on student achievement and community factors
Impact of extracurricular activities funding disparities and educational leadership on student performances

From the Paper
''The issue of whether there exists a linkage between extracurricular activities and student achievement has had mixed results in the general or the legal literature on educational financing (Banks & Li, 2000; Diamond, 2006; Iconis, 2003; McCoy, 2005; Okpala et al, 2000; Romeo, 2004; Towns, 2001; Uline, 2000). This leaves case studies to, study by study; begin to develop an answer to this question. This section will review available case studies which suggest, directly or indirectly, that extracurricular activities contribute to student success or other optimal factors. One of the problems facing extracurricular activities studies is that funding itself cannot be taken for granted. U.S. public schools face numerous fundamental structure challenges involving maintaining the mere physical and mechanical requirements that come with initiating or maintaining a setup of different extracurricular activities like sports or music, without taking into consideration whether or not additional activities could improve student academic achievement. For example, one study found that most schools in most states will have to find a way to develop and maintain the various technological advancements within different spheres of sports and minimum academic grade-requirements for all students taking part in extracurricular activities so as to encourage a higher school or college attendance (Uline, 2000).''

Tags:education, challenges, academic

Abstract
The paper discusses the impact of President Bush's "No Child Left Behind" Act. The writer proposes a research study to investigate the impact of social and cultural capital on student educational attainment. Through longitudinal research, the writer proposes to further investigate the long-term impact of social and cultural capital on occupational attainment. The proposal examines social capital, which will be measured by parent surveys and by a tabulation of student involvement in structured extracurricular activities. The proposal further examines cultural capital, measured by demographic data and surveys regarding parental involvement in school-related issues. In conclusion, the research covers symbolic-analytic content, measured by investigating class content and teaching style, through both direct classroom observation and teacher surveys.

From the Paper
"Demanding that schools show improved test scores in order to receive increases in funding, one of the primary principles of the No Child Left Behind Act, might exacerbate existing sociological problems. Standardized testing and standardized curricula widen the gaps between privileged and underprivileged student populations and perpetuate a negative feedback cycle in which the children of low-status families are less likely to succeed in school and beyond because social capital and cultural capital both have a stronger bearing on students' future performance in school and in the working world."

Tags:role, models, language, dress, personal, values, abstraction, collaboration, experimentation, creative, thinking

Abstract
This paper evaluates several issues that may affect sentencing disparities for abusing crack as opposed to powder cocaine. Among these issues examined is race and its impact on sentencing. Gender issues are also considered, as are the pre-natal effects of these drugs. The writer clarifies the difference between crack and powder cocaine and how this may also influence sentencing.

Outline:
Sentencing Disparities
Cocaine and 'Crack Babies'
Past Research
Moral and Legal Issues
Development
Bibliography

From the Paper
"There are more African-American individuals on death row than white individuals and most of these individuals awaiting execution have committed drug crimes, many of which involved crack, and less that involved powder cocaine (Pope, 1976). Even the Attorney General of the United States is willing to admit that drug laws are the main reason that there are so many African-Americans on death row today and that African-Americans are arrested at a higher rate for these types of crimes than Caucasian individuals (Pope, 1976). While this may seem irrelevant to a discussion of crack vs. powder cocaine specifically, the issue of minority status is actually somewhat important in sentencing guidelines for all crimes, although it is not an issue that judges are legally allowed to use."

Tags:illegal, drugs, substance, abuse, drug, convictions

Abstract
The paper identifies and defines major health disparities impacting upon U.S. population by race. The paper examines Healthy People 2010 and its recommendations for improvements in national health care delivery to at risk groups.

From the Paper
""Healthy People 2010", a federal government initiative, targeted improvements in the health status of all Americans. It contained broad-reaching goals for the first decade of the new century. This essay will highlight key issues emerging from or related to this program. Health disparities are defined as differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States."

Tags:health disparities, race, ethnicity, Healthy People 2010

Abstract
This paper looks at the impact of the European Union upon trade relations and relations more generally between the United States and Europe over the past decade. The paper reviews the factors which prompted Europe to bind together its disparate parts in the first place and also looks at how the relationship between the continent and America stands at present. Finally the paper offers a cautious prognosis of what it is expected the future will hold.

From the Paper
" The impact of the formation of the European Union on trade between the United States and European Nations 1996 - 2005 The emergence of the United States as a dominant world superpower after the conclusion of the Second World War was a heavy blow to European pride. That discomfort was further exacerbated after the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1990. While all of Western (and Eastern) Europe was delighted to see the Communist regime crumble, the demise of the USSR meant that there was no counter-balance of any kind to American pursuance. As a result, the gulf between American military and diplomatic power and European military and economic power was made all the more pronounced. With this in mind, the following paper will examine a number of items. "

Tags:european, union, usa

Abstract
This paper is on "Imperial Expansion in Africa". It argues against the statement, which is "The great outburst of imperial expansion at the end of the 19th century was the product of great power rivalry and not of economic necessity", this statement has been disparate because the economics had everything to do with the expansion of empires into Africa, not power. It analyzes the topic with evidence and explores whether the historians used original material or have they rehashed things from other writers?