Abstract
This paper uses two legal cases to illustrate disparate treatment in business: Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital Of Texas, which concerned health issues due to pregnancy, and Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab, which concerned older workers. The author points out that Office Depot, to avoid charges of disparate treatment, provides chairs at the register for pregnant employees who are customer service representatives and has a community-supporting policy of seeking older employees. The paper concludes that employees have multifaceted rights under federal, state, and local statues; therefore, managers must not make judgments without consulting with their legal advisers and human resources experts.

Table of Contents
Disparate Treatment
Disparate Impact
Monica M. Garcia v. Woman's Hospital of Texas
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab
Ruling and Reasoning of the Court
Implications of the Ruling for Your Employment Environment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Ms. Garcia became pregnant while working at the Women's Hospital of Texas. Ms Garcia was forced to convalesce at home by her doctor because of health related issues due to the pregnancy. Her doctor released her to return to work after a few weeks, believing she was fit to perform her duties. The hospital administration, consistent with hospital policy, required the doctor to certify on a prepared form that Garcia could perform a variety of ostensibly required tasks. Her doctor certified that Garcia could perform all of the listed tasks with the exception of pushing, pulling or supporting 150 pounds. (Garcia V. Woman's Hospital of Texas, 1996) Consistent with hospital policy, Garcia was not allowed to return to work with the above limitation, and after she was on leave for more than six months the hospital terminated her, again consistent with hospital policy."

Tags:chair, community-supporting, multifaceted, advice, tasks

Abstract
This paper presents several cases that demonstrate disparate impact and treatment in the workplace. The paper defines disparate impact and treatment as when an employer uses employment practices that have a negative impact on a protected class. Such practices can include tests, academic requirements, and physical necessities. The specific cases are highlighted for their importance to this issue and their verdicts are clearly presented.

Outline:
Disparate Impact
Disparate Treatment
Case Overview: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
The Final Rule: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health
Implications in Today's Business Environment: Patricia Hill V. Forum Health

From the Paper
"The first case in history to examine disparate impact, Griggs V. Duke Power Co. made its way to the Supreme Court of the land. First heard in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, African American employees of the Duke Power Company brought a class action suit against their employer (Griggs, 1971). At the time, the power company required employees to hold a high school diploma and satisfactory scores on an intelligence test (Griggs, 1971). During times of heated racial debate, these requirements were put in place for positions previously held only by Caucasian employees (Griggs, 1971). While the District Court dismissed their case, Griggs V. Duke Power went on to an appellate court, where the decision was reversed, but the diploma and test requirement practices were upheld (Griggs, 1971). "

Tags:employment, discrimination

Abstract
This paper explains that the City of Jackson, Mississippi adopted a revised pay plan granting raises to all city employees in the police and fire departments under which officers and dispatchers with fewer than five years tenure received proportionately greater raises than employees who had more than five years tenure. The author relates that a disparate impact claim, "Smith vs. City of Jackson", under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 was made; but the court, in an 8-0 opinion, rejected it because employees failed to identify any specific practice within the pay plan that had an adverse impact on older workers and the city's plan was based on reasonable factors other than age. The paper points out that the "Jespersen vs. Harrah's" in which Jespersen refused to comply with the makeup requirements, claiming disparate sex discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also was rejected because the requirement imposed equal burdens on both sexes.

From the Paper
"The question presented was whether a disparate impact claim, a claim alleging unintentional discrimination, can be made under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA). In an 8-0 opinion delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens, the Court held that ADEA authorized recovery in disparate-impact cases, but that in this case petitioners failed to set forth a valid claim. The Court relied on its 1971 decision in Griggs v. Duke Power, where the Court first authorized disparate-impact claims brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964."

Tags:sex, age, discrimination, rejection, adverse

Abstract
This paper explores the wide differences between Martin Luther King, Jr. and James Baldwin when it comes to dealing with their blackness and society.

From the Paper
"Fame has never come easily for black Americans, unless they were musicians, actors or professional athletes. And yet, occasionally, someone rises from the huddled masses and reaches a certain pinnacle of fame. One focuses in particular on two men- James Baldwin, author and intellectual, and Martin Luther King, Jr., minister, civil rights activist and martyr. These two men, however, could not be further apart- with perhaps the only linkage being the color of their skin. Baldwin was a more or less self-made up-from-Harlem-tenements intellectual and open homosexual. He became the darling of those who finally felt they had a voice that..."

Tags:segregation, ebonics, church's role

From the Paper
"Disparate Impact and the Civil Rights Act of 1991

This paper will first discuss the disparate impact theory and the respective burdens of the plaintiff and defendant under this theory as it was articulated up until Wards Cove v. Antonio.1 It will then discuss the impact of the Civil Rights Act of 19912 upon future disparate impact cases and public policy.

The disparate impact theory was first articulated by, the Supreme Court in 1971 in Griggs v. Duke Power Co.3 In this case, job applicants were required to take a general intelligence test and produce a high school diploma, the effect being to disadvantage black applicants. The Court said that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited practices which are neutral in form but discriminatory in operation unless they are ..."

Abstract
In this article, the writer compares and contrasts the terms disparity and discrimination as they relate to the criminal justice system. The writer contends that disparity is a more significant problem because of inequities within society.

From the Paper
"The argument has been advanced that while discrimination does exist in limited areas of the criminal justice system a perhaps more significant problem is that of disparity those inequities or differences that exist with respect to individuals and groups who enjoy less advantaged positions within society. In defining discrimination the Michigan Law Review reference was made to the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that provides that no person or class of persons shall be denied the same protection ..."

Tags:disparity, discrimination, social class, society, laws

Abstract
The correlation between diabetes and obesity has been long established in recent years. There are strong genetic component and environmental factors that contribute to high prevalence rates of diabetes. The changes in one's lifestyle, sedentary mode of living, poor eating habits and socioeconomic status are significant contributors to the development of diabetes mellitus. Currently, in the U.S. the rate of diabetes is staggering among all age groups, sexes, and ethnic populations. The paper studies the correlation between socioeconomic status, diabetes and obesity and how diabetes in the above mentioned statement as well as other economic and social factors is related.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
History of Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity in America
Factors Created Due to Diabetes
How is Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity Linked?
Proposed Solutions to Combat Disparities
Solutions: Health Literacy Program and Creating Satellites
Conclusion

From the Paper
"" In the United States there has been a concurrent increase in the incidence of diabetes and obesity among all age groups and races. This increase has been especially prominent in the African American population, where a large percentage of diabetes cases and complications develop due to lack of access or provision of healthcare. This disparity is also evident in other races, but African Americans possess the genetic tendency to develop diabetes in greater proportions. Obesity patterns have also exponentially increased in this population in the recent years. Therefore, obesity a prime factor in the development of diabetes, has resulted in a elevated increase in the percentage of diabetes cases in the African American population (Department of Health and Human Services, 2003)."

Tags:disparities, diabetes, obesity, socio-economic, 'African, American'

Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of wage disparity across Canada, which has long been a concern not only of the general population but also of the various federal government administrations throughout the years, as well as the provincial governments. The paper explains that a genuine concern of government bodies and researchers alike is that of ensuring not necessarily wage parity across professions, but of ensuring livable wages across all demographics. The paper maintains that discussing and properly framing the wage disparity issues for Canadians is important because the consequences of not addressing this issue are enormous and, ultimately, far more costly to ignore than to repair.

Tags:wage, disparities, canada

Abstract
Over the past thirty years, rather than improving, it is clear to see that the regional disparities, economic and otherwise, have been getting worse. Looking to census data over the circa 1966-96 period, we can see that Eastern Canada, in particular, has fared very poorly. This paper will bring this evidence to light, and argue that, not only have regional inequalities been exacerbated in the past 30 years, but that they will continue to get worse as globalization intensifies.

Tags:regional, canada, disparities

Abstract
There are significant employment disparities between African-Americans and whites in America. This phenomenon is rooted in the racial inequality in society at large. Educational opportunity, and the denial of it to African-Americans, lies at the center of this reality.

Tags:employment, disparities, americans