Abstract
This paper looks at various disorders that cause suffering in people from either a biological, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral standpoint. The areas touched on are eating disorders, substance abuse, issues of sex/gender, impulse control and personality disorders. The paper explains that the common characteristic of these disorders is an individual's lack of ability to prevent the impulses and how all have the component of anxiety as a common thread. The paper also includes a table that sets out the official 'List Classifications' for all these disorders.

Outline:
Biological Components of Eating
Biological Components of Substance Abuse
Biological Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Biological Components of Personality Disorders
Emotional Components of Eating
Emotional Components of Substance Abuse
Emotional Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Emotional Components of Personality Disorders
Cognitive Components of Eating
Cognitive Components of Substance Abuse
Cognitive Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Cognitive Components of Personality Disorders
Behavioral Components of Eating
Behavioral Components of Substance Abuse
Behavioral Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Behavioral Components of Personality Disorders

From the Paper
''The biological components of eating are much the same as with any other naturally occurring bodily process; however, once the process becomes out of control, eating disorders can arise when the impulse to eat or not to eat, binge and purge, or not to do so, to eat nothing, even when one knows one should eat. A number of theories indicate a compelling biological component with regard obese individuals desiring to eat even when not hungry. The biological component with regard to individuals with eating disorders that include anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and bulimia have particular and specific characteristics. A genetic predisposition theory exists that is sustained by an increase of the number of women being diagnosed with bulimia. These women have a family history of eating disorders. In addition, identical twin sisters are more likely to have the disorder than non-identical twins (The Something Fishy Website on Eating Disorders, 2010)."

Tags:characteristic, anxiety, biological, disorders

Abstract
This paper provides a breakdown of the psychological disorders that fall into each of the DSM IV-TR categories. The three major categories discussed are anxiety disorders; mood and affective disorders; and dissociative and somatoform disorders. The paper explains that, for psychologists, it is extremely important to understand the differences between types of disorders as well as the specific disorders themselves. The paper concludes that treatment can be very different from disorder to disorder, and as many disorders within each category have very similar symptoms, it can be very difficult to distinguish between them without the organization presented by the DSM IV-TR.

Outline:
Categories of Disorders
Clarification of Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood and Affective Disorders
Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"While fluctuation in mood is a very common occurrence due to normal life events, there are times when mood changes can be considered to be pathological disorders. Variations of mood can come as easily as minor changes in hormones due to biological pressures such as low blood sugar or simple human development (such as the change from childhood to adolescence) and can be caused by intense situations such as winning the lottery or the death of a loved one (Barlow & Durand, 2009)."

Tags:psychology, disorders, mental

Abstract
The paper explains that clinical psychology is centered on the processes of diagnosis and therapy, with disorders falling under a set of classifications, specifically, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The paper provides a brief background on the philosophical and academic development of clinical psychology to shed light on its impetus and primary objectives, and to highlight what distinguishes it from experimental psychology. The paper then addresses anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders as well as mood, schizophrenic and substance related disorders.

Outline:
Anxiety Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Eating Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
Substance Related Disorders

From the Paper
"Clinical psychology focuses on the ways in which this responded to philosophical convention in equal part to its basis in science. Thus, clinical psychology is not just correlated to the academic advances of the field, but also beholden to what may be described as worthy humanist interpretations of man in intellectual history, evolving as consideration of these interpretations evolved with sociological change. Ellenberger provides the example that "whereas, in the eighteenth century, the prevailing myth was that of the "noble savage," of the vigorous, primitive man living in his forest and fighting for his freedom, there was now an inverted myth of a "corrupt civilized man," weakened and sophisticated." (Ellenberger, 282) The reflection of society has played a hand in our abilities to define ourselves.
"Though the future of clinical psychology would coincide with its commercial interests particularly with respect to the use of pharmaceutical treatment, its history is one very much founded in the above implied notion that the mind is not simply a part of the body but also a far more complex embodiment of an abstract entity that constitutes the psyche. Here, the unique stratification of impulses, its impossible to replicate individualities and its vulnerability to the conceits of its origin make the human mind a thing still beyond the empirical set of considerations which have sought to pigeonhole it."

Tags:anxiety, dissociative, disorders, anorexia, bulimia, mood, schizophrenia, substance, absue

Abstract
This paper explains how clinicians, psychologists, psychiatrist, and medical professionals classify mental disorders. It then goes on to address the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of three symptom disorders: anorexia bulimia, alcohol abuse, and exhibitionism; and one personality disorder: narcissistic personality disorder.

Outline:
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Substance Abuse
Alcohol Abuse
Sex/Gender Disorders
Sexual Disorders
Exhibitionism
Personality Disorders
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Conclusion

From the Paper
''Bulimia is one of the most widely known eating disorders. Some of the key characteristics of bulimia include binging and purging, forced vomiting, use of laxatives, excess exercising, and fasting in order to lose weight. Eating disorders are characterized by the thought that "one's physical shape reflects one's value or worth" (Hansell & Damour, 2008, p. 296). People who suffer from bulimia find comfort in eating, but are then so overcome with shame and guilt over eating the food and feeling so out of control that they then purge themselves. When a person vomits, the body is caused to release endorphins (which make you happy). After a long period of binging and purging, a person might get to the point where even if they haven't overeaten, they still purge to make themselves feel good. While bulimia can be triggered by many things, some of the main causes are coming off of a restrictive diet, and stressful events where food is turned to for comfort (Web MD, 2005-2011)."

Tags:disorders, physical, abuse

Abstract
Major depressive disorder is classified under a larger group of related disorders of mood, which includes bipolar I and bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and dysthymic disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV-TR) put forth the following criteria for diagnosing a major depressive disorder seen for at least two weeks must both manifest as an abnormal mood (depressed mood, anhedonia or irritable mood in children and adolescents) and meet at least three more criteria observed for at least two weeks: feeling of fatigue; slowing or agitation in carrying out activities; poor concentration; suicidal thoughts or thoughts of dying and death; disproportionate guilt; loss of, or decrease in appetite or weight loss; increased or decreased sleep time (APA, 2000). A strong familial history may predispose an individual towards depression but is not part of the diagnostic criteria.

From the Paper
Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (Outline) I. Major features: abnormal mood; feeling of fatigue; slowing or agitation in carrying out activities; poor concentration; suicidal thoughts or thoughts of dying and death; disproportionate guilt; loss of, or decrease in appetite or weight loss; increased or decreased sleep time (APA, 2000). II. Case Example: 32 year-old female initially complaining of back pain a. Mental Status Examination b. DSM-IV Multiaxial Evaluation III. Pharmacological Treatment: Duloxetine (Cymbalta^A'A(r))

Tags:mood, disorders, depression

Abstract
This paper discusses how important the proper diagnosis of a patient's mood disorder is for finding the proper treatment. Disorders covered include: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. The author shows how the disorders are broken down into domains and indicates the symptoms for each and how they should be treated.

From the Paper
"Bi-polar disorder affects approximately 2.3 million American adults or about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older (Reiger, 1993). Men and women are equally likely to develop bi-polar disorder. The average age of onset for bi-polar disorders is in the early twenties (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Bi-polar disorders include cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. Distinction of the actual disorder can sometimes become difficult, therefore, it is crucial to look at all the symptoms the patient is experiencing."

Tags:bi, depressive, disorder, disorders, polar, disorders, moods, treatments

Abstract
This paper explains how eating disorders are mental disorders presented as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating, and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, or EDNOS. The need for action is called upon and statistically proven. This paper argues that communication, therapy, feeding intervention, and support groups are needed to fight this phenomenon. It explains that, in all cultures and races, intervention is the key to improvement and prevention and therefore, includes the family, students, teachers, administrators, and community organizations. It shows how a comprehensive school health plan must be created and implemented to prevent the increase of eating disorders. The promotion of acceptance of all people must be infused in daily curriculum. These character traits must be modeled by the teachers and administrators in order to make a maximum impact.

From the Paper
"The term eating disorders usually includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia, nervosa, binge eating disorder, and EDNOS (eating disorders not otherwise specified). Although eating disorders deal with food, they are considered a psychological disorder. Siegel, Brisman, and Weindhel (1998) state that" many aspects of eating disorders are not apparent to an outside observer." Healthy People places eating disorders under the category of mental health and disorders. According to Healthy People, "mental disorders are health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior (or some combination thereof), which are associated with distress and/or impaired functioning" (www.health.gov). These disorders can lead to many health problems including tooth decay, ulcers, loss of menstruation, and death. In addition to the obvious dangers, eating disorders affect people of all "racial and ethnic groups, both genders, and all educational and socioeconomic groups" in the United States (www.health.gov). As educators it is our job to protect the health and future of the children, especially since eating disorders can lead to school failure and lower academic performance. Eating disorders affect children at a young age and "often persist into adulthood and have among the highest death rates of any mental disorder" (www.health.gov). A study done by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (1996) shows that eighty-six percent of Americans report onset of an eating disorder before the age of twenty. Clearly this is within the educators range of responsibility. Eating disorders are a silent epidemic that needs to be stopped."

Tags:anorexia, bulimia, disorders, health, psychology

Abstract
The paper discusses how mood disorders affect the lives of millions of people across the globe, and looks at the theories on what causes and affects the moods of people and what creates long term mood disorders in the individual. The paper explains how life events, stress, substance abuse and natural rhythms are only a few of the causes that have been suggested which lead to mood disorders. The paper also explains that these factors are considered significant in increasing the occurrence and prolonged affect of mood disorders.

From the Paper
"Mood disorders affect the lives of millions of people across the globe. Consequently, there are multitudes of theories that pertain to what causes and affects the moods of people and what creates long term mood disorders in the individual. Life events, stress, substance abuse and natural rhythms are only a few of the causes that have been suggested which lead to mood disorders. These factors are also considered significant in increasing the occurrence and prolonged affect of mood disorders."

Tags:mood, disorders, depression

Abstract
This paper evaluates research related to the role of body dissatisfaction in the prevalence of eating disorders in women. The author points out that it is expected that there are a number of key components of these disorders, many of which are related to body dissatisfaction and other significant personality traits. The paper relates that eating disorders are a problem of today's media-hyped society.

From the Paper
"In modern society, there is a tremendous push for all things thin, and this is primarily focused on the desire for males and females to look like the people that they see in magazines. Although these individuals may look desirable, they are not the norm, as the average person does not typically resemble that which is represented on magazine covers. However, many individuals, especially females, strive to be as thin as possible in order to satisfy their own objectives and to become attractive to others. In order to obtain this thin image, many women will often turn to eating disorders as a means of escaping a poor body image. This unfortunate set of circumstances is all too real in today's media-hyped society, and these issues possess detrimental consequences for those that accept this route."

Tags:eating, disorders, dissatisfaction

Abstract
This paper provides 12 case histories and evaluations of different types of mental disorders. The disorders include: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Dementia of the Alzheimer's type, Paranoid type of Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder.

From the Paper
"Peter, a ten-year-old Caucasian boy, was referred to the therapist for diagnosis due to his inability to deal with academic tasks and disruptive behavior over the last seven months. Apart from the involvement of Peter and therapist, Peter's mother and his teacher..."

Tags:mental disorders, manic depressive episode, primary insomnia, adjustment disorder