Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a research proposal investigating the attachment process in eating disorders, particularly among college women. The writer examines the number of college women with subclinical eating disorders in contrast to those with full-blown eating disorders. This work includes background information on attachment theory and processes in general and in eating disorders. This work focuses on the father-daughter attachment processes and the roles of depression and self-esteem.

Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Literature Review
Bibliography

From the Paper
"It has been widely acknowledged among clinical therapists that healthy development of self-esteem requires certain basic requirements be met first such as the requirement of safety and security and these two components of the individual's personality are believed by theorists to develop during infanthood and to be an evolving developmental function of the individual. This development follows through several stages in the individual's development until the final stage in late adolescence. The individual who is in the stage of late adolescence is the individual who is beginning to enter a stage of healthy psychological separation from their parents, that is if the individual is developing according to normal development for this age individual. Parental attachments which have not been appropriately formed during the individuals infant age, childhood, adolescence, and late adolescence result in certain psychological disorders in individuals which develop as 'coping mechanisms' as a method used by the individual in dealing with underlying issues. Failure to have a healthy attachment to the father for the young woman in college is likely to result in depression, a poor-self image, low self-confidence, and result as well in the young woman having great difficulty with autonomous independence and self-direction."

Tags:anorexia, bulimia, pressures, development

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at treatment of mental disorders based on Riskind et al's article "Perceiving Normality in Clients as a Potent Social-Cognitive Treatment Approach," which suggests a new approach and outlook. According to the paper, the practitioner should access to indications of normality in the patient and using these indications to help draw the patient outside the sway of these symptomatic disordered processes. The paper then highlights other methods for treating mental illness, comparing these to Riskind et. al's approach. Additionally, the paper considers Riskind from the standpoint of neurobiology. The paper summarizes by endorsing Riskind et al's method in some cases, but not all.

From the Paper
"The ideas proposed by are somewhat more debatable when taken from a neurobiological discussion. As the discourse proceeds hereafter to consider certain mental disorders as they relate to treatment approach, it should become apparent that some disorders are inherently related to conditions of abnormality in the mental processing of the subject. Indeed, a greater understanding of this approach to psychoeducation suggests that there are certain aspects of mental ordering in the afflicted individual that may well be produced by internal deficiencies which cannot be addressed through cognitive treatment methods."

Tags:bipolar disorder, neurobiology, socialization, PTSD

Abstract
This paper examines the direct and indirect causes of eating disorders, with particular emphasis on the relationship between the mass media and eating disorders. The researcher hypothesizes that the mass media has a direct effect on eating disorders, contributing to more frequent and severe eating disorders among all age groups, populations' subtypes and genders. The paper explores the issue and concludes that people are increasingly internalizing images presented in the media. The paper contends that the media should be held directly accountable for increases in eating disordered behavior among all populations.

Outline:
Overview Eating Disorders
Psychopathology of Eating Disorders
Media's Influence on Eating Disorders
Social Agents Responsible for Eating Disorders
Summary of Research on Eating Disorders
Conclusions/Recommendations

From the Paper
"Eating disorders generally refer to a range of disordered patterns associated with eating. Eating disorders generally encompass a wide range of activities and diseases including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity (Levine, Smolak & Striegel-Moore, 1996). Theorists and psychologists have long researched the subject of eating disorders in an attempt to discern the direct and indirect causes of eating disorders among all populations, including children, adolescents, teens and adults."

Tags:anorexia, bulimia, nervosa, obesity, television, advertising

Abstract
The paper takes a realistic look at the history, nature and social issues associated with organized crime, with a strong focus on the book "Organized Crime," by author and criminologist Howard Abadinsky. The paper examines the media's role in stereotyping the Mafia image of organized crime.

From the Paper
"The nation's views on organized crime appear to be divided into two camps: First are the media and some law enforcement officials who assert that organized crime is exclusively controlled by the Italian Mafia. The other side consists primarily of academics, scholars and law enforcement officials who argue that organized crime is comprised of various groups; not a single, predominantly Italian, crime organization."

Tags:criminals, italian, mob, families, Sicily

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion on eating disorders, focusing on the two main types of eating disorders known as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The paper describes the psychological elements of the disorders, their physical, psychological and sociological effects, and the therapies available for treating them. The paper also briefly addresses the subject of men and eating disorders.

Table of Contents
Psychological Elements of Eating Disorders
Physical, Psychological and Social Effects
What Therapies are available?
A Word about Men
Conclusion

From the Paper
"For most of us, eating is just something we do to meet the energy needs of our bodies. But for others, eating can meet many other kinds of needs. We eat when we are happy, such as at a party, sad, as when we are at a funeral. Even religious rituals are associated with either eating or even fasting. We eat when we go out with friends; it is a bonding activity when we go out for a date. Our television commercials are filled with different types of food we eat and even children are bombarded with what certain types of food will do for them, i.e. make them popular or better at sports. Interestingly, despite this increased interest in food we have seen a changed attitude toward body shape over the last half century. Many years ago, women who had full breast and hips were felt to represent fertility and sexuality. Now the ideal woman is considered to be thin, many times unhealthily think. For this reason, dieting is now very common. There is spoken and unspoken prejudice toward the overweight and being fat is associated with being lazy and unattractive. It is no wonder that in the last years, we have seen the development of eating disorders in both men and women alike."

Tags:disordered, pattern, food, intake, suffer, feelings, behaviors, fear, gaining, weight

Abstract
This paper provides a breakdown of the psychological disorders that fall into each of the DSM IV-TR categories. The three major categories discussed are anxiety disorders; mood and affective disorders; and dissociative and somatoform disorders. The paper explains that, for psychologists, it is extremely important to understand the differences between types of disorders as well as the specific disorders themselves. The paper concludes that treatment can be very different from disorder to disorder, and as many disorders within each category have very similar symptoms, it can be very difficult to distinguish between them without the organization presented by the DSM IV-TR.

Outline:
Categories of Disorders
Clarification of Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood and Affective Disorders
Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"While fluctuation in mood is a very common occurrence due to normal life events, there are times when mood changes can be considered to be pathological disorders. Variations of mood can come as easily as minor changes in hormones due to biological pressures such as low blood sugar or simple human development (such as the change from childhood to adolescence) and can be caused by intense situations such as winning the lottery or the death of a loved one (Barlow & Durand, 2009)."

Tags:psychology, disorders, mental

Abstract
This paper looks at various disorders that cause suffering in people from either a biological, emotional, cognitive, or behavioral standpoint. The areas touched on are eating disorders, substance abuse, issues of sex/gender, impulse control and personality disorders. The paper explains that the common characteristic of these disorders is an individual's lack of ability to prevent the impulses and how all have the component of anxiety as a common thread. The paper also includes a table that sets out the official 'List Classifications' for all these disorders.

Outline:
Biological Components of Eating
Biological Components of Substance Abuse
Biological Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Biological Components of Personality Disorders
Emotional Components of Eating
Emotional Components of Substance Abuse
Emotional Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Emotional Components of Personality Disorders
Cognitive Components of Eating
Cognitive Components of Substance Abuse
Cognitive Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Cognitive Components of Personality Disorders
Behavioral Components of Eating
Behavioral Components of Substance Abuse
Behavioral Components of Sex/Gender/Sexual Disorders
Behavioral Components of Personality Disorders

From the Paper
''The biological components of eating are much the same as with any other naturally occurring bodily process; however, once the process becomes out of control, eating disorders can arise when the impulse to eat or not to eat, binge and purge, or not to do so, to eat nothing, even when one knows one should eat. A number of theories indicate a compelling biological component with regard obese individuals desiring to eat even when not hungry. The biological component with regard to individuals with eating disorders that include anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and bulimia have particular and specific characteristics. A genetic predisposition theory exists that is sustained by an increase of the number of women being diagnosed with bulimia. These women have a family history of eating disorders. In addition, identical twin sisters are more likely to have the disorder than non-identical twins (The Something Fishy Website on Eating Disorders, 2010)."

Tags:characteristic, anxiety, biological, disorders

Abstract
The paper explains that clinical psychology is centered on the processes of diagnosis and therapy, with disorders falling under a set of classifications, specifically, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The paper provides a brief background on the philosophical and academic development of clinical psychology to shed light on its impetus and primary objectives, and to highlight what distinguishes it from experimental psychology. The paper then addresses anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders as well as mood, schizophrenic and substance related disorders.

Outline:
Anxiety Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Eating Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
Substance Related Disorders

From the Paper
"Clinical psychology focuses on the ways in which this responded to philosophical convention in equal part to its basis in science. Thus, clinical psychology is not just correlated to the academic advances of the field, but also beholden to what may be described as worthy humanist interpretations of man in intellectual history, evolving as consideration of these interpretations evolved with sociological change. Ellenberger provides the example that "whereas, in the eighteenth century, the prevailing myth was that of the "noble savage," of the vigorous, primitive man living in his forest and fighting for his freedom, there was now an inverted myth of a "corrupt civilized man," weakened and sophisticated." (Ellenberger, 282) The reflection of society has played a hand in our abilities to define ourselves.
"Though the future of clinical psychology would coincide with its commercial interests particularly with respect to the use of pharmaceutical treatment, its history is one very much founded in the above implied notion that the mind is not simply a part of the body but also a far more complex embodiment of an abstract entity that constitutes the psyche. Here, the unique stratification of impulses, its impossible to replicate individualities and its vulnerability to the conceits of its origin make the human mind a thing still beyond the empirical set of considerations which have sought to pigeonhole it."

Tags:anxiety, dissociative, disorders, anorexia, bulimia, mood, schizophrenia, substance, absue

Abstract
This paper explains how the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR) has developed categorization methods for many disorder groups. It also describes the causes of schizophrenia and psychosis, as well as different developmental disorders, explaining the difficulty in identifying them at times due to the state of the individuals involved.

Outline:
Categories of Disorders
Schizophrenic and Psychosis
Developmental Disorders
Classifications of Disorders
Schizophrenic and Psychosis Disorders
Hallucinations
Disorganized Speech or Thought
Disorganized Behavior
Negative Symptoms
Learning Disorders
Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Attention Disorders
Conclusion


Developmental Disorders
Mental Retardation

From the Paper
"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR) has developed categorization methods for many disorder groups, including the categories involved with schizophrenia and lifetime development disorders. While there are varying levels of severity with both of these groups of disorders, they are both very difficult to identify at times because of the state of the individuals involved.
"The two categories to be discussed are the schizophrenic and psychosis category as well as the lifetime developmental disorders category.
In psychology, psychosis is tied to many different disorders in which an individual becomes extremely out of touch with reality. While this can occur in more common disorders such as severe depression, it is most commonly tied to schizophrenia (Barlow & Durand, 2009).
Schizophrenia is believed to be mostly tied to genetics and the chemical imbalances tied to improper formation of key areas of the brain."

Tags:psychology, schizophrenia, psychosis, disorder

Abstract
Major depressive disorder is classified under a larger group of related disorders of mood, which includes bipolar I and bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder and dysthymic disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV-TR) put forth the following criteria for diagnosing a major depressive disorder seen for at least two weeks must both manifest as an abnormal mood (depressed mood, anhedonia or irritable mood in children and adolescents) and meet at least three more criteria observed for at least two weeks: feeling of fatigue; slowing or agitation in carrying out activities; poor concentration; suicidal thoughts or thoughts of dying and death; disproportionate guilt; loss of, or decrease in appetite or weight loss; increased or decreased sleep time (APA, 2000). A strong familial history may predispose an individual towards depression but is not part of the diagnostic criteria.

From the Paper
Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder (Outline) I. Major features: abnormal mood; feeling of fatigue; slowing or agitation in carrying out activities; poor concentration; suicidal thoughts or thoughts of dying and death; disproportionate guilt; loss of, or decrease in appetite or weight loss; increased or decreased sleep time (APA, 2000). II. Case Example: 32 year-old female initially complaining of back pain a. Mental Status Examination b. DSM-IV Multiaxial Evaluation III. Pharmacological Treatment: Duloxetine (Cymbalta^A'A(r))

Tags:mood, disorders, depression