Abstract
This paper analyzes and reviews three articles about dissociative personality disorder in order to consider how the conceptual framework for this disorder has changed over the last 50 years. The three articles were read carefully and summarized for basic themes, definitions, and differences. The first article entitled "Multiple Personality Disorder" by W.S. Taylor and M.F. Martin, written in 1944, was one of the first works on this disorder. The next article, "The Osiris Complex," by Colin A. Ross, describes the condition as growing out of childhood abuse and psychological trauma. The third article, titled "Multiple Personality Disorder: Witchcraft Survives in the Twentieth Century," by August Piper, Jr points out some troublesome aspects of the illness, which include more alternate personalities than earlier researchers believed could exist. The reviewer concludes by stating that todays view of dissociative identity disorder is one personality divided into abnormally personified components.

From the Paper
" An article titled "Multiple Personality Disorder" written in 1944 by Taylor & Martin was located for comparison to two articles written more recently, "The Osiris Complex: Case Studies in Multiple Personality Disorder" (Ross, 2000) and "Multiple Personality Disorder: Witchcraft Survives in the Twentieth Century" (Piper, 1998). The 1944 article is frequently cited in articles written since 1980 and is considered a seminal work. Because two strands of thought regarding the disorder exist today, it was necessary to compare the old article to two contrasting concepts as articulated in the two more recent articles. The three articles were read carefully and summarized for basic themes, definitions, and differences."

Tags:multiple, personality, disorder, dissociative, identity, disorder

Abstract
This paper presents a general overview and discussion of the psychological disorders known as Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Disorder. The paper presents definitions of both disorders and discusses several aspects associated with these disorders including diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology, risk factors, genetic and biological causes, symptoms of each disorder and need for interventions.

From the Paper
"This research paper presents conduct disorder and antisocial disorder. Related to conduct disorder the following are discussed: definition, diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology and risk factors, genetic and biological causes and risk factors, disorder onset as a risk factor, familial and racial risk factors, childhood risk behaviors, developmental progression, course and consequences and assessment, treatment and forensic issues. Related to antisocial disorder the following are discussed: definition, diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology and risk factors, genetic and biological causes and risk factors..."

Tags:Conduct, Disorder, and, Antisocial, Disorder

Abstract
This paper describes the symptoms of bipolar disorder and explains why it has often been difficult to diagnose in children. The paper describes the most common and easily identifiable symptoms exhibited by children with bi-polar disorder and discusses the type of treatment that is now available to children suffering from the disorder. Additionally, the paper looks at findings from recent research on bi-polar disorder, looks at how parents and families of children with bi-polar disorder are affected and explains why there is reason for optimism regarding future treatment options.

From the Paper
"Twenty years ago depression in children was not considered an issue or a possiblity. Psychiatrists believed children did not possess the necessary depth of cognitive and emotional development in order to suffer from depression. (Dowling, 1981, 128) With the advancements in modern medicine and the study of psychology and psychiatry over the last decade as well as lifestyle choices available, life for bipolar children can be much different than that of their counterparts in the past. Although diagnosis continues to be an area of frustration both for the parent and the psychiatrist, the knowledge that children can have bipolar disorder has made diagnosis more acceptable, recognition of the disease more likely, and treatment more successful.|"

Tags:polarized, mania, manic-depression, mood, disorder, behavior, frenzied, activity

Abstract
The paper explains that antisocial personality disorder refers to a chronic condition whereby people exhibit no concern for the rights of others. The paper relates that people with this disorder have problems with responsibility and with behaving ethically and are also known as sociopaths and psychopaths (Mayo Clinic, 2006). The paper notes that this disorder usually develops during adolescence, and teenagers in an environment marked by abuse or neglect are at highest risk for the disorder (Medline Plus, 2007), with males affected three times as much as females. The paper mentions that this disorder is very difficult to treat but psychotherapy and medications can be effective.

From the Paper
"Antisocial personality disorder refers to a chronic condition whereby people exhibit no concern for the rights of others. People with this disorder have problems with responsibility and with behaving ethically. People with antisocial personality disorder are also known as sociopaths and psychopaths (Mayo Clinic, 2006). This disorder usually develops during adolescence, and teenagers in an environment marked by abuse or neglect are at highest risk for the disorder (Medline Plus, 2007). Males are affected three times as much as females. This disorder is very..."

Tags:disorder, symptoms, treatment

Abstract
The paper discusses how narcissistic personality disorder is a severe disorder that has an effect on how an individual leads his or her life. The paper also relates that it is a difficult disorder to treat; in fact, many people with narcissistic personality disorder may actually resist treatment to such a degree that it leads to treatment failure.

From the Paper
"A personality disorder is a mental illness in which a person's perceptions of the world, particularly of people and of social interactions, are altered in a negative fashion. Personality disorders generally involve self-destructive modes of thinking; that is, people with such disorders lack the mental flexibility to deal effectively with the world. People with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) are characterized by a lack of empathy and by a belief that they are somehow better than those people around them. This perception extends to skills and accomplishments, appearance, and career success, among other things. Interestingly, this..."

Tags:narcissistic personality disorder, npd, disorder

Abstract
This paper discusses post-traumatic stress disorder, a disorder that affects the body's stress chemicals and hormones, and looks at some of its possible causes. The cause of post-traumatic stress disorder is largely unknown but the author attributes genetic, physical, social, and psychological factors in its development. The paper describes the possible symptoms that a patient of post-traumatic stress disorder might have and discusses the available treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder such as psychological counseling and medication.

Outline:
Causes and Development
Symptoms
Treatment
References

From the Paper
"The National Institute of Mental Health cites the example of a rape victim who testified that for years, she spoke about the rape as if it happened to another woman, being detached to it in terms of feelings. In time, she started to have flashbacks, making her terrified. She also started reliving the rape. She also became very anxious every year at Thanksgiving, around which the rape had occurred."

Tags:anxiety disorder, trauma treatment

Abstract
The paper examines whether Antisocial Personality Disorder is influenced more by Nature or by Nurture. The paper explains that it is necessary to first offer a brief definition of this disorder, for doing so will frame the discussion and provide a focus for analysis. The paper relates that as a chronic behavioral disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder can be identified and diagnosed by determining whether behavioral and relationship patterns have been interfering with the subject's life over many years.

Tags:antisocial, personality, disorder

Abstract
Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is a personality disturbance in which the patient has an exaggerated sense that he or she is important. Likewise, NPD is associated with two other sub-disorders, Narcissistic-Histrionic Mixed Personality Disorder and Narcissistic-Antisocial Mixed Personality Disorder. This paper looks at how the cause of NPD is essentially one thing: a patient's parent unit over-indulging and evaluating the child, all of which generally occurs during the patient's childhood. It explains that, treatment-wise, there are two main options: available hospitalization and therapy, including both individual, or psychotherapy, and group therapy. Although it may not appear to be a very troublesome disorder, patients with it commonly appear in drug rehabilitation programs, centers for youth offenders, and in jails and prisons.

From the Paper
"A personality disorder is a disorder is a set of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that keep a person from function properly in society. More specifically, the Narcissistic Personality Disorder is a disorder that causes the patient to appear arrogant, pompous, and is also unable to experience empathy for other people (Feldman 484). A person with NPD is a person that has an exaggerated sense of self-importance. These people expect special treatment from others, while at the same time blatantly disregarding the rights of those other people (Feldman 484)."

Tags:disorder, disorders, narcissism, narcissistic, personality, psychology

Abstract
Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most devastating psychological illnesses. Providing a concise and detailed overview of the various types of anxiety disorders and the different stages of bipolar disorder, as well as a discussion of treatment options, the author argues that while improvements have been made to the treatment and understanding of these illnesses, further improvements are necessary, including the integration of drug therapy and psychotherapy.

From the Paper
"Despite the increasing awareness, education, knowledge, treatment, and understanding of psychological disorders, there is still no clear-cut, quick fix, and uniform method available to diagnose and/or eliminate (or at least reduce) mental illnesses and psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most common mental illnesses that prevent an individual from functioning normally. While most individuals may arguably prefer to remain ignorant of the existence of anxiety disorders and/or bipolar disorder, the fact is that more than 23 million individuals suffer from anxiety disorders (Harvard, 1) while more than 3 million individuals suffer from bipolar disorder (Hollandsworth)."

Tags:anxiety, disorder, bipolar, disorder, mental, health, psychotherapy, psychological, treatment

Abstract
This paper discusses posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It defines the disorder and discusses requirements to make a diagnosis of the disorder -- i.e. the required symptoms. The paper explains that while the disorder has been formally recognized by psychiatry since 1980, there is still controversy over its validity.

Tags:posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma