Abstract
This paper explains that Orfield is making an argument for entitlement: All students are entitled to the same educational opportunities and that measures must be taken to ensure that children, especially black children, are not forsaken these opportunities. The author feels that Orfield fails to make the distinction between racial segregation and the social or market forces that compel poor blacks to live in the same neighborhood. The author cites that in the two cases of Grutter vs. Bollinger and Gratz vs. Bollinger, the Supreme Court questioned the very notion that the government should allow state-funded institutions to maintain race-based methods of selection to insure the diversity of an applicant pool.

From the Paper
"Orfield is quick to demonize Nixon, Reagan, and Bush, who are all coincidentally Republican conservatives, for trying to turn back the clock on desegregation. Orfield finally does refer to bussing in the context of the Green decision and the Keyes and Swann decision, he calls it "student transportation as a means for integration." (pg. 6) Because most students of this phenomenon know the process as "bussing," one can assume that his failure to use this term is deliberate. However, we are left unsure as to whether his deliberate omission of the term is due to a possible negative connotation of the word, or a general distaste for cliches. To omit the word "bussing," given its negative connotation in the eyes of those that have live with and experienced it, would be to engage in a shrewd charade of semantic manipulation. We are inclined to argue in favor of objectivity in that he also eschews the phrase "turn back the clock." He cleverly sidesteps this one by naming the chapter "Turning Back to Desegregation," leaving out the beloved clock."

Tags:entitlement, market, supreme, institutions, bussing

Abstract
This paper discusses how nurses are to retain their sense of identity and seize the autonomy that they have left. According to the paper, in doing this nurses will forge their own future or else they face losing their future entirely. The paper notes that nursing is slowly being dismantled, principle by principle, losing its identity in the process of becoming merely another corporate role. The paper concludes by stating that as nursing is forced into the process of change for the future, it must rely on and define the principles of its past to move forward.

From the Paper
"Nursing seems to be a profession operating under a perpetual shortage. Different decades may identify different areas where the personnel fall short, but the fact remains that there are simply not enough nurses to meet health care demands. It is possible to blame the "shortage" on a number of different causes, from the lack of nurse educators to the difficulty that newly graduated nurses have "fitting in" on established floors. However, the fact is that one major factor contributing to the shortage is the working conditions that nurses are frequently forced to endure. Dana Beth Weinberg identifies some of the problems that have faced..."

Tags:nursing, managed care, bidmc

From the Paper
"This study will examine Dismantling the Cold War Economy, by Ann Markusen and Joel Yudken, considering the chief problems associated with the Cold War economy, the impact of the Cold War on U.S. industry, and the possibility and opportunities of economic conversion from Cold War imperatives, as well as the obstacles to that conversion. The argument herein will be that despite the fact that the military domination of the Cold War economy created serious obstacles to post-Cold War conversion, and despite the fact that those obstacles are deeply entrenched despite the end of the Cold War, such conversion is possible. Perhaps the authors are overly optimistic in this regard, but it would still be going too far to argue that conversion is impossible. After all, the conversion to a military-industrial-dominated economy (which had its origins not in the Cold War but ..."

Abstract
This paper is primarily a study of democratization. Its subject matter is Mexico and it traces how the Institutional Revolutionary Party consolidated its power over Mexican politics and how it lost this power in July 2000 with the election of Vicente Fox. It does this by examining the presidencies of Lazaro Cardenas and Carlos Salinas de Gortari. Both of these men wielded their power in such a way as to effect massive change in Mexico.

From the Paper
"On July 2, 2000 an event unprecedented in Mexico's 20th century electoral history occurred. The benign authoritarian rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ended when the candidate of the opposition PAN became Mexico's garnered 43.4% of the vote. Francisco Labastida of the PRI won 36.8% of the vote. After a century of one-party rule, the PRI became a victim of its own reforms. The evolution of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, from the primary political player in Mexico to a vector for a reform and democratization is the result of the maneuverings of an extensive and eclectic succession of jefe maximos. These presidents have traditionally wielded the majority of power in Mexico. Whether or not a Mexican president will utilize his substantive powers to improve the lives of the Mexican populace depends on a rational political calculation. They must take into account the mood of the masses, the state of the economy, and international factors. Notably the two presidents who did the most to change the landscape of the Mexican polity did so not so much out of their own convictions, although in the case of Lazaro Cardenas that certainly played a part, but because of societal pressure. This paper will seek to answer two questions; how the PRI was able to remain in power for most of the last century and how democratization became a consequence of this power. In order to examine these questions fully, this analysis will focus on the sexenios, or six-year terms, of Lazaro Cardenas and Carlos Salinas de Gortari."

Tags:democratization, dictators, pan, political, pri, salinas, science

Abstract
The question itself defines a conflict which pits, on the one side the welfare state as a thing that "prevents a permanent and possibly underclass." The other side demands the end of the Welfare state because, simply enough, it is too expensive and "undermines individual initiative." This paper takes up a third position; namely that even a very brief recollection of the history of the welfare state will show it is inevitable, not merely possible.

Tags:welfare, state, dismantled

Abstract
This paper discusses the Frederick G. Gardiner Expressway, known locally as "The Gardiner", which is an expressway that connects downtown Toronto to its suburbs in the west. The paper specifically discusses the economic, social and environmental effects that would exist if the expressway is dismantled according to various policy plans. The paper also looks at the reasons for the proposal, including the rejuvenation of the waterfront. The paper argues that dismantling the expressway would have negative economic, social, and environmental effects.

Table of Contents:
Problem Definition
Background and Policy Context
Policy Alternatives
Evaluation of Policy Alternatives
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Another negative impact that burying of the Gardiner Expressway will have is its influence on the natural ecosystems that are around and under the city of Toronto. Under the city, there are buried creeks and waterways that traverse and go out into the lake that have their origins in the Oak Ridges Moraine north of the city (The Toronto Star, 2000). The process of "dewatering" the areas where the buried Gardiner would situate would be detrimental to these buried creeks and their natural flow into the lake. As a result, these waterways could back up over the years and the rising groundwater could pose severe damage to existing infrastructures to the north of the expressway (The Toronto Star, 2000). There are other problems that are associated with digging up the soils that lie beneath the Gardiner Expressway. Contaminants could be present in the soil, and as a result these contaminants could pose a threat to the ecosystems that they would be placed in while construction is undertaken. Some of the lands where the Gardiner is situated on used to be industrial sites, which means some may still contain contaminants. The soil would have to be treated to get rid of the harmfulness before it is put back, which would cost the city money."

Tags:waterfront, rejuvenation, development

Abstract
Beginning with a bit of history, this analytical paper provides an overview of North Korea's nuclear capabilities as well as the threat it holds to the United states. Analyzing the history and developing on Kim Jung-Il's nuclear capabilities, the writer provides a look at how the U.S. should approach the North Korea and how to go about peace discussions in order that they might be able to dismantle the capabilities as a whole. Using sources and various social research, the essay concludes that with the many troops now placed in South Korea, any talks on dismantling are very nil.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework
Hypotheses
Research Design

From the Paper
"Although North Korea has represented an ongoing major threat to stability on the Korean Peninsula since the cessation of hostilities following the armistice ending the Korean Conflict in 1953, the country's ability to cause trouble for its southern neighbor, South Korea, Japan and the world at large has been amplified in major ways by its development of nuclear weapons in recent years. Complicating efforts to negotiate a peaceful settlement to North Korea's continuing nuclear development is the highly secretive nature of the reclusive North Korean society in general and its political and military leadership in particular. With Kim Jong Il's health now in question, and he has recently named a new successor, his youngest son (Associated Press 2009). The Hermit Kingdom remains a fuse that is ready to be lit by what it perceives to be undue provocations. Indeed, Kim Jong Il has clearly stated that further sanctions by the United Nations would be regarded as a declaration of war and North Korea fields the world's third-largest conventional army, not to mention its growing nuclear capability, can back up its hyperbolic rhetoric with fierce military action, at least in the short term (Bolton 2009)."

Tags:North, Korea, nuclear, international, politics, United, States

Abstract
F.W. de Klerk's transformation of South Africa's National Party was instrumental in freeing South Africa from the grip of apartheid. The paper explains how the self-described centralist had to undertake a very difficult balancing act between striving for consensus among the National Party's (NP) right wingers and the African National Congress's (ANC) freedom fighters. Yet he was less successful in the equally difficult task of establishing his minority rule party as a strong and credible opposition party in a post-apartheid world. The paper discusses de Klerk's relationship with his successor, Nelson Mandela and their actions which led to a 'one-man-one-vote' system of elections in a freed South Africa.

From the Paper
"The political fallout of this cautious approach was significant. It made the already difficult task of convincing the newly expanded electorate that the architects of apartheid should be charged with dismantling the race-based system even harder, the same system that kept them in power for 50 years. The slow embrace of reform created the perception that the National Party was only half heartedly committed to the new South Africa. The National Party had a short and crucial window in which to seal its image as reformers. And the ANC successfully seized and exploited this weakness. From the time of Mandela's release from prison in 1990 to his election of President of South Africa in 1994, majority rule support for the ANC only strengthened."

Tags:ANC, National, Unity, Inkatha, Botha

Abstract
This paper looks at how, during the past two decades, the former Soviet Union has gone through many different changes, with the biggest one being the dismantling of its very existence and government and the slow process of rebuilding it from the ground up. It examines how, in the former Soviet Union, there were many strict rules, and the heavy arm of Communism was felt throughout the state. One of the things that was heavily mandated was the freedom of religion. It explores how the Jewish faith encountered severe opposition in the Soviet Union for many years and how, with the dismantling of the Soviet Union, the question of religious freedom has again raised its head and how the Russian Jewish heritage is again taking a turn in the road. It shows how after a century of being attacked, ignored, oppressed, and punished, it is beginning to come alive and be recognized as a growing and active faith among the Russian residents who are Jewish.

From the Paper
"By the early 1800's Nicholas was in control and decided he was going to handle the Jewish problem once and for all. He used suppression and cohesion to do his work and ordered thousands of Jewish youth into the army. The youths ranged from 12-25 years old. This move caused significant problems in the Jewish communities as it demoralized and angered those who were forced to give up their children for an army to defend a nation that treated them like second class citizens. It became a tug of war with the Jewish parents refusing to send their sons and the government sending in what were called "snatchers" to steal them away and make them join."

Tags:soviet, union, pogroms, nicholas, katherine

Abstract
This paper examines how terrorism is a global problem that most Americans only vaguely recognized prior to September 11th. It looks at the changes in American policy regarding terrorism and what has become known as President Bush's "War on Terror." It examines initiatives undertaken such as freezing terrorist funding and "Operation Enduring Freedom" which dismantled the Al-Qaeda center of operations in Afghani capital city Kabul by expelling the Taliban and taking Qaeda combatants into custody. It evaluates the problems in dismantling international terrorist groups due to networking coordination and implication that the war on terror may be too big to fight in the fashion with which we have thus far pursued it.

From the Paper
"After his expulsion from Saudi Arabia in the early 1980's, bin Laden found a bastion for his views in the arms of the Taliban, hardcore Islamic governing body of Afghanistan. Bin Laden contributed largely to an Afghani resistance of Soviet incursion both from his own inheritance, an amount disputed to be anywhere between thirty and three hundred million, and with Reagan administration assistance, both in terms of finance and arms. Since that time, Al Qaeda has steadily grown in influence and economic strength. A rising Third-World disenfranchisement from and distaste for imperialist Western foreign policies has incited a healthy dose of international animosity, which in many ways is centered in the oft slighted Moslem populations of the world."

Tags:bin, laden, al, qaeda, taliban