Abstract
This paper studies the genetic disorder called Cornelia de Lange Syndrome; a disorder affecting fetal development and presenting with a complete host of disorders and disfigurements, including deformed or missing fingers or limbs, retardation, speech impairment, cardiac issues and severe esophageal-gastric problems requiring immediate surgery. According to this paper, the gene responsible for this disorder was isolated by two research teams in spring of 2004 and these findings are also discussed as are their implications.

From the Paper
"This paper presents a brief yet comprehensive review of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), a genetic disorder that affects the developing fetus in the womb, and is most often diagnosed in infants through the presentation of multiple physical abnormalities evident at birth, including: impaired growth, gastroesophageal reflux and feeding problems, upper limb abnormalities and distinctive facial features such as thin eyebrows that join together, long eyelashes, thin lips and excessive body hair. CdLS affects approximately 1 - 10,000 children. Our presentation will be broken down into logical reporting sections that closely parallel the Clinical Case Studies section of the text, including Principles, Background, Major Phenotypic Features, Pathogenesis/Molecular Basis, followed by a brief discussion on inheritance risk and disease management. Please note: no specific case will be identified; therefore, a case history will not be presented."

Tags:corneliadelangesyndrome, genetics, retardation

Abstract
This paper discusses "Autobiography of a Face" by Lucy Grealy which deals with her experiences with a facially disfiguring cancer. It looks at how Grealy comes to view the hospital as her one refuge against a cruel and superficial world that views her illness-related disfigurement as "ugly".

From the Paper
" In Autobiography of a Face we are provided with the story of Lucy Grealy's first-hand recollection of her childhood and adult experiences with a facially disfiguring cancer called Ewing's sarcoma. Grealy learns she has cancer at the age of nine .."

Tags:surgery, cancer, recovery, chemotherapy, appearance, beauty, ugly, pain, hope, hospital, physicians

Abstract
The paper discusses how breast cancer is the most common malignancy experienced by women and involves pain, surgery, lifestyle changes, economic problems, and chemotherapy. The paper reveals that chemotherapy is the source of the greatest challenges and problems related to self-image. The paper explains that a major reason why body image related to breast cancer is relevant to the nursing profession is that women report that they are not informed about inevitable changes in body image. The writer relates that this issue is relevant to her because of the prevalence of breast cancer and also because all surgery is disfiguring.

From the Paper
"Breast cancer is the most common malignancy experienced by women, and is responsible for 27 percent of malignant tumors and 20 percent of all cancer deaths (Kieren and Nabboltz, 1997). Women with breast cancer are confronted with pain, surgery, lifestyle changes, economic problems, and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is the source of the greatest challenges and problems related to self-image. A major reason that body image related to breast cancer is relevant to the nursing profession is that women report that they are not informed about inevitable changes in body image (Kieren..."

Tags:cancer, self, body

Abstract
This paper looks at rosacea, a chronic skin disorder that not affects the skin but also the eyes. The skin disorder is not curable but if treated appropriately, can be kept under control. This paper also looks at the millions of people globally, that suffer from this painful and what can be disfiguring disorder.

From the Paper
"Rosacea is broken down into four categories, pre-rosacea, vascular rosacea, inflammatory rosacea and a condition called rhinophyma. In the earliest stage, known as pre-rosacea, physical symptoms are characterized by episodes of redness on the face and neck. (Habif, 2004) In this stage the rosacea is not noticeable all the time but the person will have "flare ups", that can be caused by a number of issues. Prolonged sun exposure, spicy foods, cold/hot weather can all be causes of the flare up in the pre-rosacea stage. The second category is known as vascular rosacea, which includes telangiectasia. . The Wilkipedia defines telangiectasia, as the swelling of the blood vessels, which leads to the appearance of flushed and red skin (2006). According to Habif, the second stage, or vasular rosacea is more common in females. The third stage is known as inflammatory rosacea and the patient develops red bumps and the blood vessels show through the skin which looks like red lines on the face."

Tags:acne, cheeks, chronic, condition, diagnosed, diagnosis, disorder

Abstract
This paper reviews Lucy Grealy's memoir "Autobiography of a Face", discussing, in particular, the fantasy theme that is prevalent throughout the book. The author recounts Grealy's diagnosis with potentially terminal cancer and her ordeal of enduring surgery after surgery to reconstruct her disfigured face. The paper discusses how Grealy's sees herself, and how throughout her early life, Grealy believed after each unsuccessful operation that the next one would give her the fantasy face she was longing for so that she could begin her life.

From the Paper
"In her memoir, Autobiography of a Face, Lucy Grealy describes her search for self and happiness. At the age of nine, Grealy is diagnosed with potentially terminal cancer which forces her to have a third of her jaw removed. From then on she endures surgery after surgery to reconstruct her disfigured face, while she suffers pain from peer rejection and uneasy stares from the world around her. Throughout her memoir, Grealy covers a number of themes, including everything from the meaning of beauty, to the desire to be special, to the fear of never being loved. One motif that stands out from the rest is fantasy. One of the ways that Grealy copes with her imperfect world is to play roles which allow her to hide her disfigurement and to feel more normal. However, Grealy's looking to fantasy as a way to discern what is perfect and what she should be causes her to become even more separate from a world in which she is already displaced."

Tags:fantasy, memoir

Abstract
This paper explains that Chuck Palahniuk in his novel "Invisible Monsters" presents antiheroes, who confront the synthetic social constructs that society imposes, and challenges them through deliberate disfigurement and non-conformity. The paper supports by summarizing the novel's plot and including quotes from the story. The paper concludes that Palahniuk makes a parody of the materialistic reality of the postmodern world by using irony as the framework for this twisting plot.

From the Paper
"Weeks previous, the public in the supermarket would have felt inferior to the stunning supermodel, Shannon McFarland. Now, she is a monster. No longer trapped in a beauty ghetto, Shannon is free to discover life. Before, she was not living. She was trained, a puppet, the scenes of her life played out like theatrics. Brandy Alexander reinforces Shannon's salvation with her own. She is in the middle of an extraordinary transformation herself. "Our real discoveries come from chaos," maintains Brandy. Chuck Palahniuk expresses his exasperation with mainstream, routine stereotypes of beauty and fame."

Tags:irony, commercial beauty, non-conformity, existential crisis, plastic robots.

Abstract
This paper relates that psychotherapy case formulation, which is a hypothesis about the causes, precipitants, and maintaining influences of a person's psychological, interpersonal and behavioral problems, is vital for clients; however, it is not routinely utilized and rarely integrated into the written record. The author posits that Susana's diagnosis is chronic post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD ) (Axis I) and borderline personality disorder (Axis II). The paper explains that the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) will prove helpful in appraising Susana's social, psychological and occupational functional abilities for planning her treatment, measuring her treatment's impact, and projecting the expected outcome of her treatment. The paper includes many quotations and tables.

Client Biography: Susana's Story
I See . . .
Strengths and Weaknesses: Susana's Sustenance
Recognizing Strengths
Identifying Enemies
Nature of Functioning: Susana's Perceived Abilities
Frequent Flashbacks
Diagnosis: Susana's Inquest
Beautiful Skin: "Disfigured" Inside
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale.
Treatment Plan: Susana's Path Back to Sanity
To Get Rid of the S . . .

From the Paper
"Susana reportedly experiences ongoing conflict with her mother and father, as evidenced by numerous negative remarks about them. During Susana's early childhood, an incident occurs where she is injured and has to wear a cast for several months. She recalls being placed on a board for one trip with her family. At one point, Susana states that she does not want to "end" up like her mother. At her high school graduation ceremony, when Susana remains affixed to seat while her name is being announced, Susana's parents contribute her lack of responsiveness to "another one of her stunts," ..."

Tags:parents, borderline, ptsd, treatment, hypothesis

Abstract
This paper examines how Samuel Morison turns a personal life interest into a passion as he studies the life and journeys of Christopher Columbus in his book, "Christopher Columbus, Mariner". It shows that, while the modern view of Columbus has been rewritten and disfigured by multiculturalists into that of a greedy, slave-mongering, tyrannical despot, Christopher Columbus's journey and his exploits arose from his deep convictions, and these actions qualify him as one of the greatest explorers of all time.

From the Paper
"His lack of actual empirical knowledge of the length of the journey, and not knowing about the continent which lay between Columbus and the Far East is one more of the factors which make his journey such a triumph of spirit and dedication to his chosen task. After long negotiations, Columbus was financed for his voyage by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and in the fall of 1492, three ships were prepared in the harbor Palos (p. 35). On August 3, 1492, the fleet left Palos heading westward, parallel of Gomera. The weather was good; "like April in Andalusia," as Columbus wrote in his diary."

Tags:spain, ferdinand, isabella, hispaniola

Abstract
This paper examines the prevalent themes and images in various novels written by O'Connor, including "A Good Man is Hard to Find." and "Everything that Rises Must Converge." This paper discusses the author's practice of injecting allusions of religion, salvation and damnation into most of her works. The writer contends that these specific interests arose from the author's own impending illness and death as well as her deeply-held religious convictions. This paper analyzes O'Connor's works, which are strife with images of horrific violence and suffering, in which otherwise unsympathetic, even caricature-like, individuals face death and in so doing are freed to discover for themselves the meaning of life. This paper also details the many recurrent themes in O'Conner's works, including: Disfigurement, shallowness, pettiness, naivete, hypocrisy and overall meanness of character, all woven into a dark comedy. O'Connor was an intensely religious Catholic who used her gruesome fiction to explore the meaning of profound suffering and death and the way in which it could be used as a vehicle for grace and salvation.

From the Paper
"O'Connor admits the importance of the death bed herself, in an essay in which she discusses "A Good Man is Hard to Find": "The heroine of the story, the Grandmother, is in the most significant position life offers the Christian. She is facing death." At the moment at which one faces death, on has the opportunity of sainthood. In "Everything that Rises must Converge," the role of martyrdom is hinted at as the boy prepares to walk with his mother and describes himself mentally as a mad man inn pursuir of "Saint Sebastian... waiting for the arrows to being piercing him." Sebastian survives being shot by arrows, and so the narrator will survive being shot at by arrows and will gain experience and even possibly sainthood. Sacrificing and expecting death any moment are, after all, how the author managed to write."

Tags:english, literature, analysis, review, theme, death, religion

Abstract
This paper discusses the chronology of various peace treaties and disarmament agreements between the United States and Russia. It looks at issues surrounding what transpired after the Vietnam war in terms of anti-nuclear protests which later led to nuclear weaponry reduction by the super powers. The aftermath of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki left many dead, disfigured, and exposed to radiation, thus propelling the movement towards peace.

From the Paper
"Ever since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 the world community has pressed for nuclear disarmament as many people have recognized that the use of nuclear weapons was/is not only immoral, but also genocidal (Allied, 2002). Arms control in the 21st century is a hot topic, particularly in light of the recent and ongoing terrorist threats. Over the past few years there has been great success in terms of arms control setting the precedence for the continued prevention against nuclear weaponry and has resulted in the indefinite extension of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The enormous stockpiles of nuclear weapons have built up over the past fifty years, thus posing as a serious threat to security in the post Cold-War world (Mishra, 2000). After the Cold War ended, disintegration of the Soviet Union led to the United States stepping..."

Tags:disarmament, control, peace