Abstract
This paper examines the complex repercussions of venereal disease for both men and women in Britain at the turn of the 20th century. It discusses the implications of the Contagious Diseases Acts in Britain and analyzes the methods by which repealers sought to overturn the Acts and looks at the responses their actions provoked. In this way, the paper explains why venereal disease and its management was such an intensely politicized issue.

From the Paper
"In attempting to repeal the acts, a whole host of feminist and social puritan organizations sprung up in opposition - not only to the acts themselves, but to the whole system of double standards, social mores and political inconsistencies that underlay them. The interactions and alliances within and between these groups were complex and at times counter-intuitive. For example, middle and upper-class women formed a partnership with working class men (who undoubtedly sought repeal of the acts for different reasons to the women), as well as prominent sexologists. But in general, the movement for repeal, at least in the eyes of women, sought common and clear aims - ones which went beyond simple repeal of the acts and asked for a great deal more. This in turn sparked much opposition from the men who were threatened by such demands, resulting in a volatile political climate."

Tags:sexologist, prostitution, contraception, contagious

Abstract
The essay begins with a discussion of genetic and environmental risk factors for disease, and the interaction between the two. The essay then goes on to discuss the improved management of genetic disease, thanks to progress in science and technology, dividing management into prevention and treatment. The paper explains how medical professionals are seeking to treat the root of the problem through organ transplants, somatic cell therapy, vaccines, gene therapy, dietary modifications, and more.

From the Paper
"The combined effects of both multiple genetic and environmental risk factors cause some diseases. Most of the risk factors are probably of small effect individually but in combination with genetic susceptibility they may cause illnesses including; diabetes, coronary heart disease, breast cancer, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. [2] A greater knowledge of the pathophysiology of such diseases is necessary and research is discovering new facts everyday but the lack of a simple relationship between genotype and phenotype makes conclusions difficult. Not everyone with a given susceptibility gene gets the disease and not everyone with the disease has a given susceptibility gene."

Tags:disorders, x-ray, birth, defects, cigarette, smoking, diet, antigens, susceptibility, lifestyle

Abstract
The paper describes the Think Positive Diabetes Wireless' t+Diabetes system that is designed to assist diabetic patients with monitoring and health care management and is the first to include cell phone technology to assist the patient. The paper discusses the inclusion of medically trained diabetic councilors who can assist the client in controlling the disease. The paper considers the broader application of a mobile disease management network and relates that mobile technology for disease management is the wave of the future, not only for diabetes care but for other health related issues and needs.

From the Paper
"Diabetes is, "a disease that affects nearly 21 million people--about 7 percent of the United States' population--including 1 in every 8 African-Americans. And while diabetes has no cure, new high-tech tools--as well as good, old-fashioned, hands-on education--are being used in an effort to make it easier to manage the deadly disease." (Chappell, 2006, p. 158) Diabetes management has been a monumental challenge since diabetes was first identified as a disease that could be effectively treated in the long term. (Jones, 2006, p. 132) Many individuals have problems with treatment compliance and managing diabetes from a medical standpoint can be complicated and ever shifting, depending on many external factors as well as issues involving medication dosage changes and difficulty managing blood sugar testing on a regular basis."

Tags:cell, phone, technology, medical, professionals, insulin, glucose, monitor

Abstract
This paper examines the disorder of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It particularly emphasizes disease management. The paper reviews the disorder, symptoms and prognosis. It then provides a more detailed examination of the problematic aspects in managing day-to-day activities, such as work, family and social obligations, due to the illness. The paper looks at how patient lifestyle modifications and adaptive measures can influence the outcome of CFS.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Managing the Disorder

From the Paper
"CFS is a complex and demanding disorder that significantly alters one's lifestyle and affects more than just the patient. Comprehensive understanding of the disorder and how each patient is affected are essential in order to help the patient manage their disorder effectively and avoid further depressive, frustration and anger based emotional complications that normally plague an individual with a chronic disorder. For the patient with CFS, such a reaction creates a negative cyclical spiral. A positive approach and helping the patient to accept their situation, focusing on what they can do rather than on their limitations will promote a sense of well-being rather than disability."

Tags:therapy, CFIDS, depression, cytokine

Abstract
Can alcoholism render an individual unable to control his or her own actions? This paper references research that claims alcoholism is a medical condition related to brain chemistry abnormalities resulting from genetics or drug abuse. Some experts believe the disease can be managed, treated, and cured. Researcher Lester Silver compares alcoholism to cancer, "...just as cancer is not one disease requiring a single treatment approach", as it requires multi level treatment.

From the Paper
"In 1784, Dr. Benjamin Rush was the first to identify alcoholism as a disease. According to Dr. Thomas R. Hobbs, it is stated that Benjamin Rush wrote, "Alcoholism was due to a loss of the will and that although it may have begun as a matter of choice it eventually became a necessity" (Herrick and Herrick 35). When consumption of alcohol, which is something non-essential, becomes a necessity, it leads to alcoholism. "Alcoholism is a true medical disease rooted in abnormalities in brain chemistry--biochemical aberrations that are inherited by the great majority of alcoholics and, in some cases, acquired through intense and sustained exposure to alcohol and other drugs" (Ketcham and Asbury 4). Many medical specialist, scientist and researchers accept the idea of alcoholism being a disease, although there are still quite a few critics. "Alcoholism is a chronic, life-long disease...if the patient does not manage the disease there are health consequences that can be severe" (Owen), this is why alcoholism is often compared to diabetes. This disease may grow into dangerous proportions threatening an individuals' life. According to researchers, if alcoholism is treated properly, brain damage can be controlled and life expectancy can be increased. In addition to the problem of excessive consumption of alcohol, according to Owen, the disease is characterized by obsessive thoughts and actions as a result of alcohol. This may include "distorted thinking", a physiological addiction to alcohol, the lack of will power to limit alcohol consumption and failure to withdraw from consuming alcohol. Alcoholism can lead an individual to cardiovascular disease, cancer, suicide, fatal accidents, and cirrhosis of the liver, which according to Ketcham and Asbury, are the most common causes of death for alcoholics. "Forty-three percent of U.S. adults--seventy-six million Americans--have been exposed to alcoholism in their families..." (Ketcham and Asbury 269). According to Hoffman and Froemke, the third most common cause of avoidable deaths is excessive alcohol, followed by smoking and obesity and it kills 75,000 Americans a year. As the years go by, the number of alcoholics is being recorded as gradually increasing. This is because more and more people are becoming emotionally and physically dependent on alcohol. In many cases early death or severe brain damage is the consequence alcoholics' face. When an individual begins to believe that alcohol is essential, alcoholism is at its beginning stage. An alcoholic usually has a higher tolerance to alcohol than a non-alcoholic, which means they have fewer short term side effects than others. The alcoholic begins consuming alcohol at any time of the day for minute reasons, which makes it harder for one to quit. If an alcoholic withdraws from consuming excessive amounts of alcohol they face withdrawal symptoms--insomnia, seizures, hallucinations, anxiety, and delirium. Therefore, alcoholism continues to decrease the victims' life expectancy."

Tags:alcohol, addiction, alcoholic, liquor

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of Sickle Cell disease, discussing major concerns associated with the disease including that of pain management. The paper reviews a number of studies about the management of sickle cell disease pain.

From the Paper
"Sickle cell disease is common in the United States among African-Americans. Pain is a problem associated with sickle cell disease which occurs when blood vessels become clogged with sickle shaped red blood cells that are hard and sticky, preventing blood from flowing through the veins. A clogged blood vessel is called an occlusion and occlusions in blood vessels can..."

Tags:sickle cell disease, pain management

Abstract
This paper explains that the exact cause for the onset of Parkinson's disease has not yet been clearly established, though a combination of factors, such as accelerated aging, oxidative stress, environmental toxins and neurotoxins, and genetic predisposition, may be responsible. The author points out that the medical treatment of Parkinson's disease is broadly divided under two main categories, namely, stereotactic surgical techniques such as thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and deep brain stimulation, and pharmacological treatments using anticholinergic drugs. This paper states that skilled nursing plays an indispensable role in delivering good, symptomatic management in a long-term patient-care setting.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
Etiology
Symptoms and Complications
Medical Treatment
Patient Education and Care (Nursing Intervention)

From the Paper
"The debilitating effects of Parkinson's disease, requires efficient nursing care. Nurses play an important part in educating the patient about the long-term effects of the disease, the possible complications, and side effects of the continuous use of medicines and in assisting them to successfully manage the symptoms. The positive therapeutic effects of a loving and supportive nursing care cannot be understated. Especially for very old people who require long-term care, nurses play a vital role in overseeing the nutritional interventions, studying the functional status and the daily progress and in effectively managing other complications (like Orthostatic hypotension, Dysphagia) which are common in advanced stages."

Tags:debilitating, teatment, surgery, dopamine, management

Abstract
This paper summarized a specific article on the neurosurgical management of Parkinson's disease (PD) as it relates to motor function and speech. The paper looks at the characteristics of oromotor function and describes a study on speech problems of PD patients.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to summarize the following article; Farrell, A. Theodoros, D. Ward, E. Hall, B. Silburn, "Effects of Neurosurgical Management of Parkinson's Disease on Speech Characteristics and Oromotor Function" Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. Purpose and Rationale: The purpose of Farrell, Theodoros, Ward, Hall and Silburn's study was to determine the effects on Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients of the neurosurgical procedures of pallidotomy, thalamotomy and deep brainstimulation on measures of perceptual speech dimensions and..."

Tags:Parkinson's Disease, neurosurgical, speech, oromotor function

Abstract
This paper is a literature review of an article on advanced practice nursing in the care and management of Alzheimer's disease. It cites statistics and focused briefly on the pathology of the disorder, diagnostics and is primarily interested in the needs based management of the patient, caregivers and family members, with the author stressing quality of daily life.

From the Paper
"With the gradual lengthening of the human lifespan, geriatric medicine is faced with new problems: Alzheimer's disease, loneliness and depression, elder abuse and failing senses. For the registered nurse, the problems are compounded as the role of the nurse is to provide care and comfort. Alzheimer's disease presents a difficult set of complex issues which make it difficult for the RN in practice. Traditionally the Advanced Practice RN was there to help educate the family, and bring some comfort to the patient, comfort on an ever changing concept to the patient of what that comfort entails. This paper presents a literature review on management techniques that are patient oriented and seen from a "needs that are unmet" basis of disruption. Following the review, a patient assessment is presented."

Tags:alzheimer's, nursing, management

Abstract
A literature review that is intended to answer the research question: How can parents of a child with sickle cell disease learn to cope with this illness and take an active role in managing sickle cell disease?

From the Paper
"I once encountered an African-American mother whose infant was diagnosed with sickle cell disease. She was extremely frightened as she knew nothing about this chronic disease. She blamed herself for her child's illness and felt completely overwhelmed as she felt she could not cope with what lay ahead. This literature review was intended to answer the research question: How can parents of a child with sickle cell disease learn to cope with this illness and take an active role in managing sickle cell disease? The best approach seemed to set priorities and take the issue one step at a time, while ensuring that his mother had all the information."

Tags:disease, coping, management