From the Paper
"The defense industry is largely oligopolistic, with the federal government the sole customer, or "monopsonist". The industry consists of relatively few very large contractors and many small satellite subcontractors which cluster around them. The business of a contractor in defense work comprises research and development and/or production. The work can vary from exploratory studies, costing thousands of dollars, to extensive production programs involving billions and requiring broad subcontracting arrangements. In practice, the firm that does the research and development often contracts the production work as well.
As much as 75% of the annual dollar value of all prime ... "

From the Paper
"It is the purpose of this research to analyze two separate approaches to the development of a statistical relationship between the level of advertising funds expended in the marketing of a product and the realized sales of that product, with subsidiary goals of: a) evaluating the significance of the relationship between advertising expenditures and sales; and b) forecasting the sales of a product through use of the advertising/sales relationship established.

The product selected for this analysis is ?Crest" brand toothpaste, which is produced by Proctor & Gamble. The two approaches to the development of a statistical relationship ... "

Abstract
The paper explores the variables that affect consumption expenditure, which is possibly the largest component of GDP in this context. The paper addresses interest rates, inflation, wealth, government policy, and income and shows how hanges in these variables will affect consumption patterns.

Tags:consumption, gdp, canada

Abstract
This paper examines two contradictory quotations regarding the same economic scenario and questions why the markets should fear a predicted economic slowdown if company profits are growing strongly. The paper presents the answer in the form of the "Keynesian Aggregate Expenditure" model, which is the generic term for several graphical models used to analyze the basic components of Keynesian economics and to identify Keynesian equilibrium as the intersection of the aggregate-expenditures line and the 45-degree line.

From the Paper
"In other words, if consumers are spending less, it is unlikely that companies will continue to spend more and thus the companies will have to let workers go to make up for the decrease in consumer demand. The Keynesian model of aggregate demand was introduced in the 1930's as a answer to the worldwide great depression that the global economy found itself spiraling into after years of boom and financial speculation. Keynes departed from his predecessors when he ?rejected the view of Adam Smith that, left alone, a market system generally functions well,? namely that the "invisible hand? works when consumer confidence is low.? (Schenk, 1997, "Activism")"

Tags:AE, Adam, Smith, expenditure, macroeconomics

Abstract
The paper provides statistics on the United States' growing healthcare expenditures including those of Medicare, Medicaid, prescription drug spending, nursing home spending and home health spending. The paper reveals that since these expenditures increase year by year, it is obvious that population's state of health is only getting worse. The paper asserts that increasing health care expenditures and funding will not solve the problem, rather the government and population should increase their investment in prevention.

From the Paper
"United States' healthcare expenditures in 2005 reached $2 trillion total, and $6,697 per person. Healthcare expenditures increased 6.9% from 2004, accounting for the third consecutive year of deceleration. In the previous years, percentage increase values were the following: 7.2% in 2004, 8.1% in 2003, and 9.1% in 2002. These total healthcare expenditures growth that seems to be following a descending direction are due to lower growth in prescription drugs expenditures (CMS, 2007).
"Also, healthcare expenditures account for 16% of GDP, after a 0.1% increase. This increase is due to the 6.3 economic growth rate. This is a significant value for the country's economic development."

Tags:Medicare, Medicaid, prescription, drugs, nursing, home

Abstract
This paper tests flypaper effect empirically using real expenditure data in state of Iowa and Georgia using the popular empirical expenditure specification. As a result of estimation, the writers finds that Iowa has the obvious flypaper effect, while Georgia does not. Section I is an introduction of the concepts at hand. Section II presents how flypaper effect leads to expansion effect on government expenditures graphically. Section III reviews traditional and current empirical literature on flypaper effect. Section IV simplifies the estimated expenditure function in order to show flypaper effect in Iowa and Georgia using 1990 data set. Section V investigates somewhat puzzling results in Georgia based on derivation of elasticities of expenditure with regard to income and intergovernmental grants. Section VI contains the summary and conclusion.

From the Paper
"I. Introduction In providing a rationale for the observation that an increase in lump-sum governmental aid effects a larger increase in local government expenditures than an equivalent increase in residential incomes does, economists have offered the explanations for the so-called "flypaper effect" of state and local public finance. This paper aims to test flypaper effect empirically using 1990's expenditure data in state of Iowa and Georgia. According to Bocherding and Deacon (1982), Bergstrom and Goodman (1983), the popular empirical expenditure specification in local public finance is ln E = b0 + b1 In M + b2 ln TS + b3 ln(TS * A) + b4 ln N + b5 ln D + v, where E is total general expenditure, M is median household income, TS is tax share, which property tax divided by gross property tax base, A is an intergovernmental aid receipts from federal and state government, N is jurisdiction population, D is population density, and v is a stochastic error. Since model specification is log-linear form, b coefficients show an elasticity of expenditure with regard to the corresponding explanatory variables. Interestingly, the estimated expenditure functions of Georgia and Iowa, respectively, have a crucial difference of their coefficients of governmental aids and incomes. In case of Iowa, it is easy to show "flypaper effect" since b3(0.77) is larger than b1(0.29). However, in Georgia, b3(0.19) is smaller than b1(0.28), suggesting that the effect of money income on expenditure is greater than that of aids. It is a contradiction of "flypaper effect" in Georgia. In order to verify the puzzling results in Georgia, this paper scrutinizes b coefficient. Since b1 and b3 represents an elasticity of expenditure with regard to income and intergovernmental aid, respectively, the more information on the means for county data in Georgia is needed for verifying flypaper effect. As a result of derivation, Georgia also has the significant flypaper effect as well as Iowa does. The discussion is organized as follows. Section II presents how flypaper effect leads to expansion effect on government expenditures graphically. Section III reviews traditional and current empirical literatures on flypaper effect. Section IV simplifies the estimated expenditure function in order to show flypaper effect in Iowa and Georgia using 1990 data set. Section V investigates somewhat puzzling results in Georgia based on derivation of elasticities of expenditure with regard to income and intergovernmental grants. Section VI contains the summary and conclusion. "

Tags:georgia, iowa, derivation, elasticities

Abstract
The paper creates a regression equation to explain the variance in consumer expenditures for energy fuel. All metrics associated with regression and the data (mostly from various areas of the Census Bureau) are discussed. Also included is a sample prediction using the equation with a discussion of how economic policy might be affected by the relationship of the independent variables to the dependent variables.

Tags:recession, economics, interpretation

Abstract
This paper discusses how, although a prolonged period of war, 1750 to 1815, was expensive, Great Britain was able to find new markets where it could expand and be the first industrialized country in the world. The paper then looks at how Great Britain was also able to maintain a high level of domestic demand for British industry because of the increase in public expenditure. Weighing all the gains and expansion, plus the opening to a major Industrial Revolution, against the few retarding effects of the war on the economy, the paper concludes that the war did not cause any hold ups in the pace and content of the British economic development, but it did set the Industrial Revolution in motion.

From the Paper
"The consumer-goods industry also presented a positive outcome of war through the increasing output that it experienced. The production of paper, crown, plate, flint, and white glass all steadily increased in output. In the textile industry, linen and silk expanded exceedingly, and so prospered the woollen industry as well. Not forgetting the cotton industry, which followed the same trend directed attention to spinning techniques, leading to the invention of the spinning jenny in 1764 by James Hargreaves. This invention made the production of yarn pretty efficient by dramatically reducing the amount of work. A single worker was now able to work eight or more spools at once. This labour intensive activity provided employment to Britain on a bigger scale. The export trade in woollen goods accounted for more than a quarter of the total British exports during this time, and it got doubled between 1701 and 1770. Exports of the cotton industry had grown tenfold, but still accounted for only about a tenth of the value of the woollen trade."

Tags:industry, trade, empire

Abstract
The scope of this paper is to identify ten individual independent variables, such as economic or industrial growth and to test their significance in the prediction of variance in the percent defense expenditure within individual nations throughout the international community, through correlation to the dependent variable Percent GDP Army.

Outline
Introduction
Statistical Analysis of Variable Correlations
Hypotheses and Findings
Conclusion

From the Paper
"An individual nation's defense expenditures can be clearly correlated to a variety of domestic and international factors. The importance of discovering such correlations has been clearly evidenced through the repetitive events of global history. In the event the international community becomes able to accurately monitor and predict defense expenditures by individual nations in a timely and efficient manner, future conflicts, humanitarian crises, and global economic depressions may be effectively identified prior to occurrence and effectively circumvented."

Tags:anova, conflict, defense, globalization, industrialization

Abstract
This paper is a case study on Bernard's New York Deli in Hawaii. The paper discusses how the owner of the deli is considering some creative financing to fund an expansion of his business. The problem, however, is that he is a risk taker and his bank and his advisors are against this decision.

From the Paper
"Bernard Horowitz is the owner and operator of Bernard's New York Deli. He recently moved to a larger location. Business during the first three months was good, but he needs to expand to take full advantage of the new location. Specifically, Bernard wants to expand seating by fifty customers and purchase new equipment. He estimates that this expansion would cost ?. His bank will not lend him additional funds."

Tags:Bernards deli, case study, risk averse, marginally profitable, expansion, bank lines, discretionalry expenditures, risk and reward, internally generated funds, corporate IOUs