Abstract This paper explains that, among minority students as well as between male and female students, there are discrepancies in educational and occupational expectations and aspirations. The author points out that, using the National Education Longitudinal Study, a gap exists between aspirations and expectations among students who set goals that were unrealistic in nature and who had generally been described as having lower educational achievement levels early on in their education. This paper stresses that, first and foremost, educators have to identify when a potential for a discrepancy exists and than use a combination approach because there is no one solution that will fit every student.
Table of Contents
Historical Origins of Differences
The Discrepancies between Supposedly Increasing Educational Aspirations and Persistent Gaps in School Outcomes
Challenges These Differences Pose to Educators Today
What Schools and Teachers can do to Improve Educational Equity across Population Groups?
From the Paper "Why the discrepancy? In the past little effort has been made to differentiate between aspirations and expectations; and example given is a study conducted in 1991 by Marjoribanks, who used the term 'aspirations' to describe his study, but actually measured student expectations. Thus, part of the blame rests on the shoulders of researchers. There is also evidence to suggest that sometimes students create aspirations that are unreasonable or unattainable. This is an issue that must be dealt with by school administrators and teachers, who must work together to help students create aspirations that are attainable and reasonable. In addition, students must be taught in an environment that encourages and supports, and one that recognizes the unique challenges and hardships any individual student may face when attempting to realize their expectations."
This paper reviews several judicial court decisions to seek the meaning of "cruel and unusual punishment" as based on the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Abstract This paper explains that, on the Federal level, the decision to apply the death penalty depends on the definition of "cruel and unusual punishment" that is cited in the Eighth Amendment; however, the U. S. Supreme Court disagreed with the use of the death penalty, reflecting a moral concern when it has claimed that the punishment is freakish. The author points out that, in "Coker v. Georgia", the Supreme Court remanded the case because the death sentence is a "disproportionate penalty" for rape, based on "the objective evidence of present public judgment", the Eighth Amendment bars "barbaric" and "excessive" punishment. The paper states that the Supreme Court must still determine whether it is necessary to demonstrate that the racial discrepancy is a consequence of "a pattern of intentional discrimination" and determine how large a discrepancy must be shown to constitute a violation of equal protection and "cruel and unusual punishment" clauses.
From the Paper "The argument was formally raised in McCleskey v. Kemp, when an African-American petitioner was found guilty of killing a white police officer in an attempted armed robbery of a store. The accused man's habeas corpus petition included the Baldus study, a statistical study which shows that there is a disparity in the imposition of the death penalty in Georgia, claiming that capital punishment is determined based on the murder victim's race and, to a lesser degree, the criminal's race. The study took more than 2,000 Georgia murder cases into account and conclusively determined that black murderers who kill white victims have the greatest likelihood of receiving the death penalty."
Abstract This paper discusses James Madison's "Federalist 10 Paper" and its effects on American government. Distinctions are made between the concepts of "republicanism" and "democracy," and what they implied for the creation of an American legislative system. The author finds discrepancies between what is implied and what is stated in this Madison work.
From the Paper "In James Madison's essay, the Federalist 10 paper, Madison articulates his hesitations about popular rule, or more accurately, ?pure democracy,? and the pernicious "faction" that might result from it. To obviate the destructive forces of faction that are implicit in ?pure democracy,? he offers instead a "republican" form of government. In this arguably elitist document, Madison cites the two methods of ?curing the mischiefs of faction,? by either "removing its causes" or ?controlling its effects.
Abstract The paper discusses the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy and examines the possibility of either the Mafia or the CIA to conspiring to kill President Kennedy. he author writes that the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald, discrepancies in the Warren Report, use of different firearms and ballistic information and key things missing in autopsy photographs all suggest a cover-up.
From the Paper " On November 22, 1963, the thirty-fifth President of the United States, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated. Seven days later on November 29, 1963, the newly sworn in President, Lyndon B. Johnson, formed a commission that would investigate the assassination. The Warren Commission, as it would later be known, was to evaluate all leads and facts surrounding both the assassination of the President and the assassination of his alleged assassin. After the investigation was complete, the information found was to be reported to the President. The Commission gave their findings to the President in the form of the Warren Report, as the chairman of the Commission was Earl Warren. President Johnson had appointed Warren, the former chief justice of the United States, to head up the Commission. The Commission was able to compile much of its information with the help of Federal agencies, the city of Dallas, and thousands upon thousands of testimonies from people associated with the case. The Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin of President Kennedy and that Jack Ruby had killed Lee Harvey Oswald."
Abstract The portrayal of the Russian Revolutions has at times proved so markedly different, that it is hard to believe that authors or observers are discussing the same event. This paper focuses on this discrepancy in representation, highlighting the various factors which determined the way in which 1917 has been portrayed by first-hand observers, and later, by professional historians. In a case like that of the Russian Revolutions, where the generation of ensuing scholars and interpreters of other kinds were constrained by political ideology, we will see that history became the handmaid of the totalitarian regime, particularly under Stalin and his supporters.
Abstract This paper looks at the problem of poverty in the United States and questions why there is so much poverty amongst so much wealth. The author says that poverty can be seen no matter where you go in the United States. The same city that has many mansions can also have decrepit shacks with no heat or running water. The same city that has a society section in its newspaper also posts auctions for homes being sold for tax money. The author of the paper asks why is it that such discrepancies exist and whether it is possible to determine the cause for such poverty.
From the Paper "The problem, it seems to me, would be that although access to wealth exists, that wealth is not shared by the community. Instead, those individuals who live in those columned houses have investments, country homes in other counties or states, and tax shelters, securely locking away their money for future generations of their families. Although perhaps simplistic, it would seem that if the wealthy members of the community would unlock some of the money they possess and..."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that with the rise of overall wages in America, there still remains a great amount of discrepancy in the wage equality between men and women. The writer notes that data shows that in the 1970s to the 1990s, the marriage age increased, as did the income inequality between men and women. The writer maintains that it is likely that these two issues are linked, for without one, there is little chance that there will be another. The writer concludes that the rising wage inequality has resulted in an unwillingness for women to marry, and will result in a propensity for the marriage age to continue to increase.
From the Paper "For many years, males were seen as the primary breadwinners for the household. They were the ones who would leave the home each morning, head off to work, and spend their day trying to make ends meet for their family. Their entire life was structured around their work schedule, and their family was merely an accommodation to that schedule. As the primary wage earner, men were also in a position of greater equality with other men. They were able to work on a relatively level playing field that focused on skills, ability, and education as the keys to success.
"Women were not so lucky in this timeline. As their husbands went off to work, they were left at home to maintain the family. It is not a bad thing that this is the case, for many women have found a tremendous amount of fulfillment from raising a family. However, these women did not have any other options."
An analysis of the effect of the discrepancy in class backgrounds between Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan in Scott F. Fitzgerald's novel, "The Great Gatsby."
Abstract This paper discusses the love story in Scott F. Fitzgerald's novel, "The Great Gatsby," and examines the reasons for the failure of the love affair between the characters Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan. The paper describes the plot of the story, the characters and their class backgrounds and argues that the relationship was doomed by the discrepancy in the characters' social status.
From the Paper "As we have seen, the love affair between Gatsby and Daisy was doomed by their class differences. Gatsby was lucky to even manage to meet Daisy, and only achieved this because his uniform disguised his class. Moreover, even though Gatsby spent five years acquiring the wealth and possessions which he thought would lure Daisy back to him, this was not to be. To lure Daisy back and keep her, Gatsby would have needed more than money - he would have needed social class. There are some things money cannot buy, and class is one of them. Thus, despite Gatsby's best efforts, their love affair remained doomed by their class differences."
Abstract This paper examines the race-associated differences in health outcomes among African-American women with CVD (Cardiovascular Disease). The paper explains that African Americans suffer greater incidence of cardiovascular disease, and women women suffer cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease in greater numbers than men. The combination of the two: African-American women, suffer greater cardiovascular disease than the general population in the United States. The paper demonstrates that the above statements are true, and analyzes the causes for this discrepancy in cardiovascular diagnosis and care. The paper then looks at both the demographic as well as the socioeconomic and ethnological reasons for the difference in cardiovascular care. The paper also points out that women experience a greater amount of heart disease, and a lower level of treatment than men. This paper examines the reasons for that discrepancy as well.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Underlying Causes of Heart Disease
African-American Women and Heart Disease
Lifestyle, Heredity and Demographics
Differences in Medical Care
Differences in Demographics
Women's Lower Rate of CHD Treatment
African American Distrust of Physicians and the Medical System
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Although death from coronary heart disease (CHD) is declining for both African Americans and white Americans, the rates are declining faster for white Americans than their Black counterparts. According to the AHA, the incidence of deaths by whites from CHD has declined 46% and 40% for white men and women, respectively, while it has declined 33% and 27% for African American men and women respectively from 1979 to 2002 (AORN, 2002). The AHA posited that the lower decline in the death rate from CHD for African Americans was due primarily to heredity and life style habits."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the driving philosophy of Tyack's book, "The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education", is that, although American rhetoric has proclaimed liberty, equality, and justice for all, when it comes to education, this is not the case. The racial makeup of a district, geography, and social background of residents can conspire to create vast discrepancies within the educational system for students. The writer looks at Tyack's book and notes that one of the reasons for the discrepancy between whites and blacks' education, rich and poor, urban and rural, is that the modern school system took shape around the time of the industrial revolution, when slavery was still an extant institution within America, when immigration was at its height and when there was a flood of people to the nation's cities. The writer presents Tyack's belief that American education seems to exist in a tension between standardization and America's love of corporate efficiency and an American belief in the individual.
From the Paper "According to one view of the American failure to provide the same education for all students, regardless of race and class, the discrepancies in the quality of education of African-Americans and other historically socially disadvantaged groups versus white Americans is idiosyncratic, rather than systemic. In other words, there are good schools and there are bad schools. The greater rates of illiteracy, the drop-out rate, and other problems which blacks and other groups face to a greater extent than whites are due to the fact that certain schools are poorer and have inferior teachers, not systemic racism or other failures of the school system. Illiteracy is caused by a failure of schools to adhere to the 'one best' system, not endemic of flaws in the educational bureaucracy."
Tags: illiteracy, equality, teachers, public, students
Abstract This paper relates that, in this case study about the Faith Community Hospital, several distinct and notable problems are presented, which challenge the organization's ability to deliver top-level patient care. The paper then identifies these problems, such as an ambiguous mission statement, inconsistent procedures, ethical misconceptions and discrepancies in monitoring financial obligations. For the Faith Community Hospital to provide better patient care and practices, the paper recommends methods of resolving these problems by devising a concise mission statement,
regulating ethical practices and requiring the Board of Directors to monitor finances and procedural control.
Table of Contents:
Identifying and Understanding the Problems
Client and Staff Misconceptions from an Ambiguous Mission Statement
False or Misleading Values
Inconsistent Procedures and Policies
Addressing Ethical Misconceptions
Discussing Discrepancies in Monitoring Control and Financial Obligations
Problem Resolutions
Devising a Clear and Concise Mission Statement
Consistently Govern and Regulate Ethical Practices
The Board of Directors Must Monitor Finances and Procedural Control
From the Paper "The Board of Directors must take charge and deal with the control and financial issues by delegating authority and holding supervisors accountable. By controlling staff and developing procedures, this problem will become partially solved. However, the hospital's upper level management must devise a well-defined plan for monitoring and controlling procedures as well as to establish and lead the hospital towards future growth and prosperity."
Tags: interpretations, religious heritage, medical malpractice, code, tactical plan
Abstract The purpose of the article is to determine the degree to which people with Alzheimer's Disease exhibit depressive symptoms and to investigate the discrepancies between patient and care provider symptom reports.
From the Paper "The experiment studied 233 patients that were found to have Alzheimer's Disease. In addition to these, they also studied 47 patients that were depressed, but did not have dementia and 20 people of comparable age to the Alzheimer's group who were healthy as comparison groups. All subjects in the experiment were psychologically evaluated and rated on the Hamilton Depression Scale."
Abstract This paper discusses the power struggle that ensued between native tribes and European settlers during the late 19th century. The author discusses the underlying causes that drove both the Cree and the government of Canada to seek peaceful alliance, the great differences in culture and consciousness between the natives and the European descendents and the discrepancies between the promises made by the Commissioners of Treaty Six and the realities experienced by the Cree.
From the Paper "In September of 1870 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) transferred the empire of Rupert's Land and the North West Territories to the Government of Canada. The government sought to enlarge the Dominion of Canada and encourage settlement to the west, though before this was possible a new alliance had to be formed with the Cree Nation, the Plains Crees, and the Wood Crees. Treaty Six was negotiated in 1876 and involved the title to 121,000 square miles of Saskatchewan and the welfare of 7000 Indians and 2000 half-breeds."
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth analysis of Bernal Diaz's "The Conquest of New Spain". The paper examines the shroud of mystery surrounding the details of Montezuma's death and, by utilizing the opinions of David Boruchoff and the actual text of Diaz's book, this paper briefly highlighting the key points that Diaz makes in his retelling of Montezuma's unfortunate murder. The paper then brings to light the rational faults and discrepancies within the original text and counters these apparent errors, by applying common sense and general knowledge of the era.
From the Paper " The ?readable report,? a concept from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, is easily applicable to Bernal D?az's The Conquest of New Spain. The aforementioned ?readable report,? in a general sense, indicates that the retelling of a situation or event is portrayed in a manner that benefits the teller even if distortion of the truth is required. D?az, in his account of Montezuma's death, makes the Spanish appear blameless and seemingly innocent of Montezuma's blood. Throughout the sequence of events leading up to Montezuma's death, there are constant indictments of the Mexicans causing the death of their own leader. "
Abstract This paper discusses the U.S. government and Senate's approach to revive the economy. However the writer concludes that from their stimulus packages, it seems that there is great discrepancy in both ideas of stimulus.
From the paper:
?The House was of the proponent that the government should cut down taxes so that the country would open up doors to investments thereby increase jobs. While the Senate proposed to cut down expenditure in order compensate for the emergency spending of the Attack of $ 40 billions.?
