Abstract
This paper discusses how the structure of DNA was discovered. It goes through the discovery that DNA was the holder of genetic material within a cell to Watson and Crick's infamous model of the structure. The paper includes a heavy emphasis on gender roles in the post World War II science society. The paper also briefly describes the book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin Schrodinger.

From the Paper
"After World War 2, there was a great upsurge in the study of DNA. Scientists, returning home after having been called away to contribute to the war effort (contributions being the use of their skills to create better, more intelligent weapons), arrived home to discover a new idea in the field of genetics. The book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin SchrA dinger as a collection of lectures, lead many scientists for the first time to really consider the causes and effects of genetic heredity; it became very popular among the university crowd and anyone worth their scientific mettle had read it and had an opinion on the subject of the "code of genetic inheritance". SchrA dinger heavily influenced the people who were later to discover the structure of DNA by making them ask the question, "What causes genetic material to be passed to offspring?" a question which had plagued science ever since man had been capable of intelligent thought."

Tags:nobel, structure, Schrodinger, genetics

Abstract
The author of this book emphasizes that a China-centered history is necessary to get a better and more accurate portrayal of Chinese history. Indeed, in his perspective, this will counter-act the ethnocentric approach taken by American historians on the subject. One of the main theses of the book is that a China-centered approach is needed to counter-balance the American distortion of Chinese history.

Tags:discovering, history, china

Abstract
Paul Cohen discusses the problem of how the assumptions upon which Americans have written Chinese history have simply been wrong. In many respects, this is the problem of Americans seeing everything through their own eyes, and not being able to understand that other countries have their own cultures and traditions -- as well as values.

Tags:discovering, history, china

Abstract
The paper discusses the background and history of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. The paper attempts to answer the question of why Columbus is so well know and Vespucci is often overlooked in the presentation of historical facts and in popular culture itself. The paper compares and contrasts these two men and explains why although both men achieved great things, Vespucci never gained the fame that Columbus achieved. The paper shows how their respective achievements differ in their ability to provide exciting source material for tales of bravery and adventure. The paper also dispels popular myths about Columbus.

Outline:
Introduction
Columbus and Vespucci Compared
Justification for Columbus Day?
Why Isn't Vespucci Famous?
Vespucci Also Discovered America
Vespucci's Claim to Discovering America Before Columbus
Honors Afforded Columbus and Vespucci in Life
The Knights of Columbus
Dispelling Myths About Columbus
Closing Thoughts

From the Paper
"Columbus started on his second voyage in 1493 The first land sighted, and on November 3 of that year, he reached and discovered the Caribbean Islands and Jamaica. Columbus started his third voyage in 1498, discovering the Island of Trinidad which was so named by him, but falsely believed by him to be a portion of Asia as before.
"As the years went by, Columbus eventually found himself placed under arrest and jailed for allegations of mistreatment of the natives of the lands he explored and discovered, although these charges were eventually dropped and Columbus freed (Order Of The Sons Of Italy In America). By 1502, the year of Columbus' last voyage, he was in poor physical an mental health, and as a result, the voyage suffered."

Tags:expedition, voyage, Indies, adventure

Abstract
The paper answers a few basic questions: What is DNA? What is the source of DNA? How was DNA discovered? What is the precise structure of DNA and how does it work? The paper also reveals a bit of the relational intrigue, serendipity, and other non-scientific factors that led to the discovery of the structure of this molecule. A brief conclusions section is also presented.

Tags:DNA

Abstract
This paper portrays a personal coming-of-age experience when a young boy discovers that his best friend's father is homosexual and has a trans-sexual lover. It deals with honesty and openness about one's true sexual identity.

From the Paper
"From the time I was five years old, my best friend was a kid named Matthew. We went to the same schools, played on the same soccer team, attended the same church, and lived in the same neighborhood. We were at each other's house constantly. Matthew's father was a hairdresser and owned a salon. My mom was one of his clients. "

Tags:sexual orientation, hetrosexual, steryotype, transgender

Abstract
In this article, the writer shows that the epistemologies of Locke and Berkeley are essentially the same, even though they are opposed on the question of whether there is an independent existence of matter beyond the mind. The writer argues that Locke does not espouse strict materialism, and neither does Berkeley espouse strict immaterialism. The writer maintains that they both conclude that nothing can be known beyond the ideas of the mind, and even if there was a separate existence of matter, the qualities of a material object will have nothing in common with the ideas that they create in the mind. The writer argues that Locke's position is superior to that of Berkeley's because it forms the basis of inquiry.

From the Paper
"With this provision out of the way, Locke goes on to claim that there are certain ideas which do bear resemblance to the object being observed. The ideas of extension, solidity, shape and motion are indeed said to reside in the object itself. These aspects of matter are intuited, and form what Locke terms primary qualities. This is why we have such clear ideas of a thing's shape, its solidity and its motion. Nobody is seen to argue about these things, and physicists make a study out of them, and we all seem to agree with physics. Locke explains that this is because things really do exist in the object. All other ideas, termed as secondary, are derived from the primary ones, and compounded from them in various ways. In this way color, taste, smell, texture etc are all secondary qualities. These ideas are characterized by their relative nature, so that no two observers are able to agree exactly on a quality like taste or color. At the same time they are not as distinct as are the simple ideas. "

Tags:immaterialism, qualities, sense, perception

Abstract
The paper follows the growth of a woman at college who forgot how to have fun. Her friends convinced her to go on holiday to Miami, where she met a man and fell in love. It goes on to show how she gave up her dreams of graduate school to be with the man she loved. The paper describes the woman's return to graduate school, and explains that the couple had financial difficulties. These difficulties resulted in her becoming depressed and an alcoholic. In summary, the paper shows that even though there were negative consequences to the decisions made, there were also positive learning experiences.

From the Paper
"Graduate school was a loss of time and money, I thought. I slowly began to see it in a different light though. I learned humility. So many years I had spent considering myself invincible almost like a goddess. I was intelligent and unable to fail. I learned I am human, as prone to mistakes and failures as anyone else is. But I realized that I had not really failed by not succeeding in graduate school, rather my failure was in refusing to see that I had limitations and that I had chosen to give up. I had turned my life over to alcohol. The alcohol had ended up being a barrier to finding a job. I was stuck in a spiral. I was depressed because the course of my life had not gone the way I had wanted so I drank. In drinking heavily I was neither motivated nor in a condition to seek employment. Finally, in my self-pity and alcoholism, I neglected to see the impact on my relationship. Once he said he couldn't remember the last time I saw you sober and continued to allude to two years of drinking.
"I still think about the relationship. I especially think of what I once had and who I had hoped to one day be. The relationship had the impact of bringing me out of my shell, to learn how to have fun, and opened up new emotions inside. I learned to like and enjoy things I had never known before. I gained an education in relationships and all the fine and not so fine aspects, the compromises, selflessness, and how it affects one's identity. Did the relationship impact my dreams? Probably, but only because I let it."

Tags:graduate, school, alcoholic, humility, sacrifice

From the Paper
"Individual differences in learning and memory abilities have long been a topic for social science research. However, little basic research has been done concerning the possibility of a dichotomous split between verbal and mathematical cognitive functions. This study examines the achievement scores of a sample of college freshmen and discovers clear evidence of such a cognitive division. Limitations of the study are noted, and possibilities for future research are proposed.

Introduction
Individual differences in learning and memory abilities have long been a controversial topic among researchers. Psychologists, sociologists, educators, and even politicians have struggled to either make sense of or denounce such differences. While most such..."

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion about three stories and the identities of the protagonists. The writer of this paper examines "Doll House", "Oedipus" and "Hamlet" to compare and contrast the identity complexities in each instance.

From the Paper
"Many times an author becomes so involved with the character of the work that they go on a mission of self-discovery along with the character. While the reader watches the events unfold we also are treated to the character discovering in the end that they really are. It is a common theme that is not easily noticed until one peels of the topcoat of the story and examines the underpinnings."

Tags:complex, character, personality, identity, personal, relationship, life, Shakespeare, Ibsen