Abstract Paul Cohen discusses the problem of how the assumptions upon which Americans have written Chinese history have simply been wrong. In many respects, this is the problem of Americans seeing everything through their own eyes, and not being able to understand that other countries have their own cultures and traditions -- as well as values.
Discusses the position of the author of "Discovering History in China" that American historians need to take a more China-centered approach to studying Chinese history.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 53.95
Abstract The author of this book emphasizes that a China-centered history is necessary to get a better and more accurate portrayal of Chinese history. Indeed, in his perspective, this will counter-act the ethnocentric approach taken by American historians on the subject. One of the main theses of the book is that a China-centered approach is needed to counter-balance the American distortion of Chinese history.
An analysis of how the structure of DNA was discovered by primarily four people; James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin.
Abstract This paper discusses how the structure of DNA was discovered. It goes through the discovery that DNA was the holder of genetic material within a cell to Watson and Crick's infamous model of the structure. The paper includes a heavy emphasis on gender roles in the post World War II science society. The paper also briefly describes the book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin Schrodinger.
From the Paper "After World War 2, there was a great upsurge in the study of DNA. Scientists, returning home after having been called away to contribute to the war effort (contributions being the use of their skills to create better, more intelligent weapons), arrived home to discover a new idea in the field of genetics. The book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin SchrA dinger as a collection of lectures, lead many scientists for the first time to really consider the causes and effects of genetic heredity; it became very popular among the university crowd and anyone worth their scientific mettle had read it and had an opinion on the subject of the "code of genetic inheritance". SchrA dinger heavily influenced the people who were later to discover the structure of DNA by making them ask the question, "What causes genetic material to be passed to offspring?" a question which had plagued science ever since man had been capable of intelligent thought."
Abstract This study argues that Christopher Columbus did not "discover" America, and that only by twisting reality can it be said that he or any European "discovered" a land which was already inhabited by other human beings. The writer argues that the basis of this twisting of reality is that the inhabitants of the "New World" were less than human beings, and therefore it cannot be said that the land was inhabited at all, but was instead populated by semi-humans, by near-animals, by non-Christian savages with no civilized qualities. In reality, however, the "Indians" Columbus "discovered" were indeed human beings with a subtle civilization and a fully developed religious belief system. The writer continues his argument that Columbus did not "discover America" because it had already been discovered and populated by human beings long before his arrival.
From the Paper "William M. Davidson and Henry Noble Sherwood argue in separate articles that Columbus was indeed a great man who discovered America. Davidson calls Columbus "The Great Navigator" and says that in Columbus "passion for discovery rose to the dignity of an inspiration" (Davidson 248). Sherwood writes that Columbus and his men found "naked savages" in the new land and that Columbus treated them well (Sherwood 253). It is crucial to the argument that Columbus "discovered America" that the context be established first in which the beings which inhabited that land are thoroughly dehumanized. The more that dehumanization process can be carried out, the more easily Columbus and his fellow Europeans and descendants can argue that there were no truly human beings when Columbus arrived and therefore it has to be said that he did indeed "discover" that land. The more one sees the natives as animals, as savages with no concept of God, the more one can argue that Columbus discovered the land on which they live. Accordingly, whether the Europeans brutalized the natives of the "New World" or treated them well though condescendingly, in their own minds and to one another the Europeans in general sought to portray the natives as less than human."
Abstract Argues tht Columus did not "discover" America since it was already inhabited by non-European human beings. Discusses Columbus' achievement as the first European to sail the Atlantic & bring European culture, religion & values to the land he discovered. His passion for discovery. His point of view that he and his men owned all they "discovered," & the existing inhabitants having no value as human beings. Contends that Columbus' discovery of America was a major element in the mythical, not actual, past of the nation.
From the Paper "This study will argue that Christopher Columbus did not "discover" America, and that only by twisting reality can it be said that he or any European "discovered" a land which was already inhabited by other human beings. The basis of this twisting of reality is that the inhabitants of the "New World" were less than human beings, and therefore it cannot be said that the land was inhabited at all, but was instead populated by semi-humans, by near-animals, by non-Christian savages with no civilized qualities. In reality, however, the "Indians" Columbus "discovered" were indeed human beings with a subtle civilization and a fully developed religious belief system. Therefore, Columbus did not "discover America" because it had already been discovered and populated by human beings long before his arrival. He and his fellow arrogant and ethnocentric Europeans imagined ..."
Abstract This paper explains that, after it was discovered that several major corporations in the U.S. had committed accounting fraud, it became the responsibility of auditors to discover evidence of accounting fraud in businesses. The paper discusses the impact of Sarbanes Oxley as well as SAS 99 on auditors and on the companies they audit.
From the Paper "Many decisions in accounting and auditing involve judgment calls. Nevertheless, there are rules that cannot and should not be broken. Over the last several years a number of major publicly traded corporations in the United States have committed accounting fraud and as a result have filed for bankruptcy protection. John Weinberg, in "Economic Quarterly", comments that these bankruptcies have resulted in the loss of hundreds of billions of dollars in stock value, wiping out the life savings of numerous investors and putting tens of thousands of..."
Abstract The paper discusses the background and history of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. The paper attempts to answer the question of why Columbus is so well know and Vespucci is often overlooked in the presentation of historical facts and in popular culture itself. The paper compares and contrasts these two men and explains why although both men achieved great things, Vespucci never gained the fame that Columbus achieved. The paper shows how their respective achievements differ in their ability to provide exciting source material for tales of bravery and adventure. The paper also dispels popular myths about Columbus.
Outline:
Introduction
Columbus and Vespucci Compared
Justification for Columbus Day?
Why Isn't Vespucci Famous?
Vespucci Also Discovered America
Vespucci's Claim to Discovering America Before Columbus
Honors Afforded Columbus and Vespucci in Life
The Knights of Columbus
Dispelling Myths About Columbus
Closing Thoughts
From the Paper "Columbus started on his second voyage in 1493 The first land sighted, and on November 3 of that year, he reached and discovered the Caribbean Islands and Jamaica. Columbus started his third voyage in 1498, discovering the Island of Trinidad which was so named by him, but falsely believed by him to be a portion of Asia as before.
"As the years went by, Columbus eventually found himself placed under arrest and jailed for allegations of mistreatment of the natives of the lands he explored and discovered, although these charges were eventually dropped and Columbus freed (Order Of The Sons Of Italy In America). By 1502, the year of Columbus' last voyage, he was in poor physical an mental health, and as a result, the voyage suffered."
Abstract An essay about antibiotic production. The author examines the historical view of how antibiotics were first discovered, how antibiotics are naturally produced in microorganisms and the biotech aspect of it with focus on how today's antibiotics are produced commercially.
From the Paper "Today, some 5000 different antibiotics are known. Of these, around 100 are currently used to treat infections. Some are broad spectrum weapons, while others have more specialized applications. In the continuing battle against infectious disease, substances produced by living microbes continue to hold the center of the stage. Microorganisms are not only the workhorses that manufacture well established antibiotics, they also continue to be the source of new "magic bullets" to deal with hitherto untreatable infections, and to combat disease causing bacteria that have become resistant to the already existing armamentarium of drugs. The antimicrobial capacity of the microbial world seems inexhaustible. "
Abstract This paper portrays a personal coming-of-age experience when a young boy discovers that his best friend's father is homosexual and has a trans-sexual lover. It deals with honesty and openness about one's true sexual identity.
From the Paper "From the time I was five years old, my best friend was a kid named Matthew. We went to the same schools, played on the same soccer team, attended the same church, and lived in the same neighborhood. We were at each other's house constantly. Matthew's father was a hairdresser and owned a salon. My mom was one of his clients. "
Tags: sexual orientation, hetrosexual, steryotype, transgender
The following paper examines Franz Kafka's short story "Metamorphosis" focusing on Kafka's emphasis on the metamorphosis of relationships - familial and societal.
Abstract This paper looks at Kafka's "Metamorphosis" , focusing on the protagonist Gregor Samsa and his metamorphosis into an insect. The author examines how Gregor's family discover hidden abilities and motivations towards personal betterment and a financially secure lifestyle.
From the Paper "Prior to the metamorphosis, Gregor was the center of attention of his family?he was the sole breadwinner. His business having gone under five years ago, his father was relegated to physical and emotional inactivity. His mother was an asthmatic, and his sister Grete was still young. He had great dreams: to rid his family of his father's financial commitments, and have his sister, a fair violin player, admitted into the ?Conservatorium despite the great expenses that would entail.?
Abstract This paper explains that there are many different elements that combine to form a community and that the term 'community' can mean different things to different people. The paper further explains that the best way to discover the the ideas of community that dominate the minds of most people would be through a survey. The necessary questions in such a survey are then listed in the paper and the suggestion made that, in order to synthesize the information obtained from the survey, some qualitative and quantative analyses would need to be done. Finally, the paper points out that surveys, such as the one described in the paper, are useful information gathering-tools for the field of sociology and important elements of the sociological method.
From the Paper "The word 'community' is somewhat ambiguous. It is not immediately clear whether it refers to geographical proximity, common interests and activities, or some other grouping method. As with many such ambiguous words, it is likely that different people have completely different ideas about what it means to be a member of a community. An interesting question to pursue, therefore, would be this: What factors do people have in mind when they consider themselves to be part of a community? It is not uncommon for people to mentally place themselves in more than one community. Perhaps someone is a member of her church community, the community of her apartment building, and her work community. These are three very different things. In the case of the church, the community seems bonded together by faith, which might more generally be described as a common interest. In the case of the apartment building, geographical location, or proximity of living, seems to be the main cohesive factor. Work shares elements of both of the other two. On the one hand, the workplace represents a common activity that all of the members of the community participate in on a regular basis. On the other hand, it is likely that the workplace is one office or building where many people convene in the same space at the same time."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses Dr. Robert Gallo, the co-discoverer of the HIV virus. The paper discusses the controversy surrounding his claims to have discovered the virus. The writer looks at the awards he has won. Further, the writer discusses Gallo's current views on HIV research and his legacy.
From the Paper "Robert Gallo M.D. was born in Waterbury Connecticut. His parents Francis Anton and Louise Mary Gallo were both born and raised in Waterbury where his father worked as a metallurgist, After high school Gallo entered Providence College where he majored in biology. Upon graduation, he attended the Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine in Philadelphia. Gallo joined the National Institutes of Health where he would work for the next thirty years. He began his career in the National Cancer Institute conducting research on ... "
Tags: Robert Gallo, HIV, AIDs, co-discovered, life, biology, legacy, disoutes, honors and awards
Abstract This paper is a book review of David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark's "Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe". It details the main aspects of this history as recorded in the book, and in the process takes the conclusion that the book is a celebration of the human passion for knowledge and the great debates that have accompanied scientific advance.
From the Paper "Searching the Skies: A Book Review of Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe by David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark Clark and Clark's book is a historiography of the timeless human debate into the fundamental question of "Why?" Why do we exist? Where do we come from? Ultimately, what is the nature of the universe around us? The book follows the careers of the great minds of astrology from early antiquity to the modern era, following science as it haphazardly pushes forth the limits of human comprehension."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the link between high levels of HtrA1 protein and preeclampsia, discovered by Mayo Clinic researchers. According to the paper, preeclampsia is a pregnancy disorder that can result in premature deliveries and maternal-fetal disability or death.
Outline:
Summary
Significance of the Mayo Clinic Research
Discussion
From the Paper "Preeclampsia[2][3] is a serious complication occuring during pregnancy and causes rise in blood pressure and in some cases accompanied by swelling of hands and mouth. Many end up in premature delivery and in severe cases disablilty or even death for mother and fetus. Answer to the second question is uncertain at the moment but the research undertaken in this regard and especially by the researchers of Mayo clinic, is proving to be promising and may auger well in establishing the cause and mechanism of the said disorder. This pioneer research is based upon the hypothesis that protein HtrA1 might be linked with the preeclampsia. In view of this premise they carried out experiments to determine the pathological reasons of preeclampsia. "
Abstract The paper looks at the article "Discovering Peoples in International Law", by Sharon Helen Venne, that examines international law regarding indigenous rights. The paper looks at how the article discusses the historical evolution of indigenous rights and how it provides an overview of sources of international law. The paper is of the opinion that this article provides a very comprehensive introduction to the subject matter although it has some minor flaws.
From the Paper "As Venne explains, international law regarding indigenous rights began to evolve when Spanish explorers discovered the Indigenous Peoples of America. Finding these people gave rise to the key question of whether these were biological humans who had human rights. The answer to this would determine whether they had rights over their own persons, their land, and their natural resources - or whether the European invaders could simply lay claim to all of this. Today this seems like a strange question to pose, but it triggered a very serious debate in Europe."
