Abstract
This paper discusses how the structure of DNA was discovered. It goes through the discovery that DNA was the holder of genetic material within a cell to Watson and Crick's infamous model of the structure. The paper includes a heavy emphasis on gender roles in the post World War II science society. The paper also briefly describes the book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin Schrodinger.

From the Paper
"After World War 2, there was a great upsurge in the study of DNA. Scientists, returning home after having been called away to contribute to the war effort (contributions being the use of their skills to create better, more intelligent weapons), arrived home to discover a new idea in the field of genetics. The book, "What is Life" written in 1944 by Erwin SchrA dinger as a collection of lectures, lead many scientists for the first time to really consider the causes and effects of genetic heredity; it became very popular among the university crowd and anyone worth their scientific mettle had read it and had an opinion on the subject of the "code of genetic inheritance". SchrA dinger heavily influenced the people who were later to discover the structure of DNA by making them ask the question, "What causes genetic material to be passed to offspring?" a question which had plagued science ever since man had been capable of intelligent thought."

Tags:nobel, structure, Schrodinger, genetics

Abstract
The author of this book emphasizes that a China-centered history is necessary to get a better and more accurate portrayal of Chinese history. Indeed, in his perspective, this will counter-act the ethnocentric approach taken by American historians on the subject. One of the main theses of the book is that a China-centered approach is needed to counter-balance the American distortion of Chinese history.

Tags:discovering, history, china

Abstract
Paul Cohen discusses the problem of how the assumptions upon which Americans have written Chinese history have simply been wrong. In many respects, this is the problem of Americans seeing everything through their own eyes, and not being able to understand that other countries have their own cultures and traditions -- as well as values.

Tags:discovering, history, china

Abstract
This study argues that Christopher Columbus did not "discover" America, and that only by twisting reality can it be said that he or any European "discovered" a land which was already inhabited by other human beings. The writer argues that the basis of this twisting of reality is that the inhabitants of the "New World" were less than human beings, and therefore it cannot be said that the land was inhabited at all, but was instead populated by semi-humans, by near-animals, by non-Christian savages with no civilized qualities. In reality, however, the "Indians" Columbus "discovered" were indeed human beings with a subtle civilization and a fully developed religious belief system. The writer continues his argument that Columbus did not "discover America" because it had already been discovered and populated by human beings long before his arrival.

From the Paper
"William M. Davidson and Henry Noble Sherwood argue in separate articles that Columbus was indeed a great man who discovered America. Davidson calls Columbus "The Great Navigator" and says that in Columbus "passion for discovery rose to the dignity of an inspiration" (Davidson 248). Sherwood writes that Columbus and his men found "naked savages" in the new land and that Columbus treated them well (Sherwood 253). It is crucial to the argument that Columbus "discovered America" that the context be established first in which the beings which inhabited that land are thoroughly dehumanized. The more that dehumanization process can be carried out, the more easily Columbus and his fellow Europeans and descendants can argue that there were no truly human beings when Columbus arrived and therefore it has to be said that he did indeed "discover" that land. The more one sees the natives as animals, as savages with no concept of God, the more one can argue that Columbus discovered the land on which they live. Accordingly, whether the Europeans brutalized the natives of the "New World" or treated them well though condescendingly, in their own minds and to one another the Europeans in general sought to portray the natives as less than human."

Tags:indian, european, civilization, human, native

Abstract
Argues tht Columus did not "discover" America since it was already inhabited by non-European human beings. Discusses Columbus' achievement as the first European to sail the Atlantic & bring European culture, religion & values to the land he discovered. His passion for discovery. His point of view that he and his men owned all they "discovered," & the existing inhabitants having no value as human beings. Contends that Columbus' discovery of America was a major element in the mythical, not actual, past of the nation.

From the Paper
"This study will argue that Christopher Columbus did not "discover" America, and that only by twisting reality can it be said that he or any European "discovered" a land which was already inhabited by other human beings. The basis of this twisting of reality is that the inhabitants of the "New World" were less than human beings, and therefore it cannot be said that the land was inhabited at all, but was instead populated by semi-humans, by near-animals, by non-Christian savages with no civilized qualities. In reality, however, the "Indians" Columbus "discovered" were indeed human beings with a subtle civilization and a fully developed religious belief system. Therefore, Columbus did not "discover America" because it had already been discovered and populated by human beings long before his arrival. He and his fellow arrogant and ethnocentric Europeans imagined ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that there are many different elements that combine to form a community and that the term 'community' can mean different things to different people. The paper further explains that the best way to discover the the ideas of community that dominate the minds of most people would be through a survey. The necessary questions in such a survey are then listed in the paper and the suggestion made that, in order to synthesize the information obtained from the survey, some qualitative and quantative analyses would need to be done. Finally, the paper points out that surveys, such as the one described in the paper, are useful information gathering-tools for the field of sociology and important elements of the sociological method.

From the Paper
"The word 'community' is somewhat ambiguous. It is not immediately clear whether it refers to geographical proximity, common interests and activities, or some other grouping method. As with many such ambiguous words, it is likely that different people have completely different ideas about what it means to be a member of a community. An interesting question to pursue, therefore, would be this: What factors do people have in mind when they consider themselves to be part of a community? It is not uncommon for people to mentally place themselves in more than one community. Perhaps someone is a member of her church community, the community of her apartment building, and her work community. These are three very different things. In the case of the church, the community seems bonded together by faith, which might more generally be described as a common interest. In the case of the apartment building, geographical location, or proximity of living, seems to be the main cohesive factor. Work shares elements of both of the other two. On the one hand, the workplace represents a common activity that all of the members of the community participate in on a regular basis. On the other hand, it is likely that the workplace is one office or building where many people convene in the same space at the same time."

Tags:location, common, interest, members, part, person, remains, larger, interaction, individual

Abstract
The purpose of the present paper is to discover whether the mining industry relates to imperfect competition. Leading sector companies reign from all over the world - the mining industry is an interesting one as many of the major sector players are multinational companies. Many people have heard of the world's major minors - particularly BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto - even those with no interest in the economy or the mining sector. The industry is therefore a very newsworthy-one, and is driven by important and complex machinations. One would think, from the outset, that imperfect competition could be driven by the fact that companies such as BHP, CVRD and Rio Tinto seem to dominate the sector. However, this thesis will be explored and proved or disproved.

From the Paper
Competition in the Mining Industry Introduction The purpose of the present paper is to discover whether the mining industry relates to imperfect competition. Leading sector companies reign from all over the world - the mining industry is an interesting one as many of the major sector players are multinational companies. Many people have heard of the world's major minors - particularly BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto - even those with no interest in the economy or the mining sector. The industry is therefore a very newsworthy-one, and is driven by important and complex machinations. One would think, from the outset, that

Tags:mining, industry, competition

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the ability to work with people is the single most important element for success in any leadership position. The writer points out that John Maxwell discusses the principles of interacting with people in his book "Winning with people: Discover the People Principles that Work for You Everytime". The writer notes that the nurse must work with people in various capacities throughout the day and continually interacts with patients, staff, supervisors, and other members of the healthcare organization. Nurses must demonstrate leadership skill, regardless of they position that they hold. The writer explores how these principles can be applied to nurses to make them more effective in dealing with the people that they encounter on a daily basis.

Outline:
Readiness: Are We Prepared For Relationships?
Connection: Are We Willing to Focus on Others?
Trust: Can We Build Mutual Trust?
Investment: Are We Willing to Invest in Others?
Synergy: Can We Create a Win-Win Relationship?

From the Paper
"The first principle examines whether a person is truly ready to have a relationship. We must understand ourselves before we can even attempt to understand others. Many people go through life with a confrontational attitude. As we grow up, we see conflict all around us and we learn from an early age that we must protect ourselves from harm. This principle is closely tied to the Lens Principle. We can learn volumes about ourselves by examining how we see others. According to Maxwell, how we see others is a reflection of how we see ourselves. For instance, if one is a trusting person they will see others as trustworthy. If one is critical of others, they will see others as critical."

Tags:synergy, interact, trust, relationship

Abstract
The paper discusses the background and history of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. The paper attempts to answer the question of why Columbus is so well know and Vespucci is often overlooked in the presentation of historical facts and in popular culture itself. The paper compares and contrasts these two men and explains why although both men achieved great things, Vespucci never gained the fame that Columbus achieved. The paper shows how their respective achievements differ in their ability to provide exciting source material for tales of bravery and adventure. The paper also dispels popular myths about Columbus.

Outline:
Introduction
Columbus and Vespucci Compared
Justification for Columbus Day?
Why Isn't Vespucci Famous?
Vespucci Also Discovered America
Vespucci's Claim to Discovering America Before Columbus
Honors Afforded Columbus and Vespucci in Life
The Knights of Columbus
Dispelling Myths About Columbus
Closing Thoughts

From the Paper
"Columbus started on his second voyage in 1493 The first land sighted, and on November 3 of that year, he reached and discovered the Caribbean Islands and Jamaica. Columbus started his third voyage in 1498, discovering the Island of Trinidad which was so named by him, but falsely believed by him to be a portion of Asia as before.
"As the years went by, Columbus eventually found himself placed under arrest and jailed for allegations of mistreatment of the natives of the lands he explored and discovered, although these charges were eventually dropped and Columbus freed (Order Of The Sons Of Italy In America). By 1502, the year of Columbus' last voyage, he was in poor physical an mental health, and as a result, the voyage suffered."

Tags:expedition, voyage, Indies, adventure

Abstract
The paper answers a few basic questions: What is DNA? What is the source of DNA? How was DNA discovered? What is the precise structure of DNA and how does it work? The paper also reveals a bit of the relational intrigue, serendipity, and other non-scientific factors that led to the discovery of the structure of this molecule. A brief conclusions section is also presented.

Tags:DNA