Abstract
"Christian Discourses" shows a gentler more forbearing side of Kierkegaard's nature than some of his other works. One week before publishing it, during Easter, he underwent a strong religious experience, perceiving that God had not only forgiven him his sins but forgotten them too. "Christian Discourses" is divided into four parts:The Anxieties of the Heathen, Joyful Notes in the Strife of Suffering, Thoughts Which Wound from Behind for Edification and Discourses at the Communion on Fridays.

From the Paper
"Christian Discourses was published on April 26, 1848 yet the final draft had been completed by the end of the previous year. Also in 1847 (March), Edifying Discourses in Various Spirits was published, which declares that through suffering we are molded for eternity. In September, Works of love, Some Christian Considerations in the Form of Discourses was published, describing our duty of love to God and neighbor. SK had also completed the first drafts of Sickness Unto Death and Training in Christianity."

Tags:anxiety, christianity, edification, love, suffering

Abstract
The paper shows that while most people are familiar with the adjective "machiavellian", very few are actually knowledgeable about the political philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli. It discusses how, in fact, Machiavelli has a great deal to teach us and we should be careful not to dismiss Machiavelli's thoughtfulness and acuity as an observer of human society by relegating his contributions to a single, uncomplimentary adjective. The paper shows that especially in his "Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius" , we see in this writer of the Italian Renaissance a man who was truly engaged in the intellectual work required to create a system of government that was based on ideals and yet that also acknowledged the realities of human society as he understood them from his particular historical perspective. This paper examines the particular suggestions that Machiavelli outlined in "Discourses" for a well governed republic.

From the Paper
"Among Machiavelli's pieces of advice to royal rulers was a judicious use of force (while this may sound barbaric to us, in fact many royal rulers of Machiavelli's time used force unrestrained by any sense of mercy) along with a respect for the private property of individuals and local traditions and customs. Machiavelli did also argue that the same standards of morality cannot be applied to rulers as to those that are ruled because the conditions of their lives and the extent of their responsibilities are so different from each other that a single set of standards for behavior cannot obtain."

Tags:Prince, institutional, republican, Livy, Pistoia

Abstract
The paper discusses how the primary immorality of human nature lies in the often elitist and hierarchical construct proposed by Rousseau in the First and Second Discourses. The paper looks at how Rousseau details the effect that civilization has on the arts and sciences in his First Discourse, which is then expanded upon through the immorality of human nature that espouses human selfishness and arrogance-via the ability to reason.

Tags:locke, philo, civilization

Abstract
This paper looks at discourses on childhood: the Puritan child, a complex of evil and wildness, and the tabula rasa as the period of innocence. The paper looks at how they remain in the world today, and the effects media and modern business have on children growing up too soon, and their loss of innocence.

From the Paper
"The Puritan idea of childhood as a time of evil and wildness arose around the end of the century and according to this view, a child is a bundle of untamed passions and naturally inclined to evil unless discipline is applied early and often. (Cooper) It dictates that this is necessary otherwise the behavior will become ingrained and will persist throughout life. This was just one interpretation of a verse from the bible which said that you should train your children in the right way and those ways..."

Tags:childhood, innocence, media, tabla rasa, Puritan, evil

Abstract
Through an examination of "The Prince and the Discourses", this paper attempts to analyze Machiavelli's vision of a good ruler and the ideal state. It also looks at how Machiavelli was influenced by the political environment of Europe at the time, as well as how successful he was.

From the Paper
"For Machiavelli what characterizes the "good" ruler? Well, for starters, a "good" ruler, according to Machiavelli, must indeed be a man of action. He can't wait for a situation to pop up and then try to deal with it, but rather, he must have a plan to deal with a situation before it happens. "For the Romans did in these cases what all wise princes should do, who consider not only present but also future discords and diligently guard against them; for being foreseen they can easily be remedied, but if one waits till they are at hand, the medicine is no longer in time as the malady has become incurable" (10-11). In this sense, Machiavelli makes it very clear that if a prince wants to remain firmly in power, he must rid himself of possible threats to his power, even if it means being entirely cruel. "

Tags:Sovereign, state

Abstract
This paper is a student's reflective essay on Yasmin Jiwani's "Discourses of Denial - Meditations of Race, Gender and Violence." The paper includes an explanation of theoretical and collegial gap and society in addressing topics of racism, gender and media in Canada.

From the Paper
"For the pharmaceutical industry, the intensity of the competitive forces at play is extremely high because the risks at stake are considerable. These large stakes are due to the nature of the industry where huge sums of money must be spent to simply discover new products, while additional huge sums then must be committed to develop them, seek regulatory approval, and then actively market them (Miller, 2003, para.3). With such huge sums of investment dollars required for almost every product brought to market, the competitive forces surrounding the industry are extreme."

Tags:jiwani, gender/topics, canada

Abstract
This paper compares these two writings and explains that the similarities in these two texts are fairly obvious. It shows how Machiavelli provides some of the very same advice for leaders of republics that he does for leaders of principalities. It discusses that, within "The Prince", however, we find a much more personal approach to the topic of leadership. Specifically, we are given a template for how an individual in the position of a prince should behave if he wishes to retain power. In "The Discourses", on the other hand, the writer explains that Machiavelli endeavors to weigh different forms of government and their limitations against one another, ultimately landing upon what he believes to be the three most viable forms of government.

From the Paper
"Niccolo di Bernardo dei Machiavelli emerged as one of the first true secularist philosophers to come out of the Christian West. In succeeding years his name would become infamous; his views, associated with Satan and immorality. However, Machiavelli's most significant contributions to Western thought never overtly favored scheming or devious methods to more morally acceptable ones. But rather, he generally acknowledged that any actions taken in the acquisition and sustention of power were tolerable and necessary for a lasting society. Essentially, Machiavelli threw out all previous notions regarding morality and ethical behavior. Instead, he adopted the premise that all people were prone to corruption and ambition; accordingly, they would employ any means at their disposal given the opportunity to achieve their goals. It was Machiavelli's insights into the workings of government presented in both The Prince and The Discourses that marked his true contribution to philosophy."

Tags:philosophy, leadership

Abstract
This paper discusses Rousseau's "Discourses" and "Social Contract", in which he presents a philosophical debate on the failures, ideals, and realities of states and political livelihood. The paper details the ways in which he creates an argument for the social contract .

From the Paper
"Rousseau defines freedom and equality through the integration of liberty in the Discourses. Rousseau argues that the onset of governmental forces exists, in its most nascent state, in a way that is at odds with citizens and thus under steady review if not threat. The basic, core freedoms of individual sovereignty are so undermined by a new republic that, despite its necessary quality, it is initially incomprehensible to those who it should rule; liberty is the key to the circumnavigation of this construction. "For with liberty," he purports, "it is like those solid and delicious foods or those robust wines which are appropriate to nourish and strengthen healthy temperaments which are used to them but which overwhelm, ruin, and intoxicate the weak and delicate who are not made for them." Those who have become used to the mastery of others and their own suppression are not able to make use of liberty in a conscious manner, be it viable or volatile."

Tags:sovereignty, liberties, social, leadership, ownership, security

Abstract
The following paper explores two central questions. The first is how Machiavellian argues and supports, in both "The Prince" and "The Discourses," the idea that the welfare of the people is the highest law by analyzing Machiavelli's doctrines and the second is what evidence there is in both works that Machiavelli's ideas were a product of Renaissance humanism.

From the Paper
"One of the most believed scholars in history, Machiavellian, wrote "The Prince" as a part of a larger work which was later known as "The Discourses" According to this work "Discourses", Machiavellian made a great statement of this belief of the political state of the French Empire. His understanding was bolder then that mentioned in The Prince where his argument was more tentative and a bid for a position in Lorenzo's court. Although this view is much merit, it was nevertheless a point of view that was similar in both the works. Both book was intended to inform the ignorant state of self interest aspect of life, and the conviction that man acts through self-interest only when he feels like it."

Tags:material, affects, charity, school, established, 19th, century, criminal, pursuing, writ, divorce, difficulty, woman, partnership

Abstract
The paper compares two of Shakespeare's plays, "The Tempest" and "Titus Andronicus", which are very distinct in substance and meaning and which present two different discourses on justice, law and mercy. "The Tempest" is one of Shakespeare's most appreciated works, impressive through its wondrous atmosphere and its profoundness, while "Titus Andronicus", on the other hand, is certainly the most violent of all Shakespearian tragedies, as it is full of atrocities, murders and rapes. The paper focuses on the fact that in both of these plays one of the most important themes is revenge. While in "Titus Andronicus" violence and revenge involve all the characters in a ferocious game of life and death, in "The Tempest", Prospero saves the lives of his treacherous brothers instead of taking vengeance on them.

From the Paper
"Titus was merely being just and merciless in his attempt to recover his honor. An instance of this possible reasoning on his part is given in the terrible act of slaying Lavinia, towards the end of the play. Having been raped through Tamora's conspiracy, the Titus Andronicus' daughter was also mutilated so that she couldn't speak by her aggressors. When Titus Andronicus finds out who the doers are, he gives them their due, cutting their throats in front of his daughter."

Tags:aggressors, savagery, ceremonial, self-perpetuating, motivation, violence, proliferates