Abstract
This paper is a review of an article by Jonathon Alter, "Degrees of Discomfort - Is Homophobia Equivalent to Racism". Newsweek. March 12, 1990. The essay discusses the article and assesses the validity of Alter's arguments.

Abstract
This paper provides a first-person description of a fairly common ethical and moral dilemma in health care- namely the discomfort some female patients feel when being treated by male nurses. The paper explains how this seems especially true among the elderly women who were brought up in more modest elements, and therefore feel uncomfortable about being bathed- as an example- by someone of the opposite gender. Yet, this essay explains how this dilemma was successfully solved.

From the Paper
"As much as nurses tend to fade into the background where gender is concerned, sometimes there may well be a problem with a female patient when some intimate activities- such as bathing- need to be performed and some patients, especially older women who tend to be more reserved are concerned when they are being attended to by a male nurse. That situation happened to me on a recent clinical. It was a dilemma for a time. So, let me explain what happened and how it all came to a very nice conclusion. One has to begin, however, with the fact that ethical issues and moral dilemmas are pretty much a regular hurdle that many medical providers face..."

Tags:male nurses, tlc, patient rights

Abstract
This paper discusses the topic of animal experimentation by considering the ethical issues involved from a multidimensional perspective. The paper reveals that animals perceive physical pain and discomfort as acutely as we do, but contends that our moral responsibility is not to refrain from eating or making other necessary use of animals. Rather, the paper argues, it is our moral obligation to refrain from subjecting creatures to pain unnecessarily. The paper then explains that this includes minimizing their discomfort as much as possible in worthwhile scientific experiments and by narrowing the scope of what we consider necessary.

Outline:
Introduction
Discussion of the Issues
The Moral Equation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Since the dawn of medical science animals have been used for the purposes of testing hypotheses before risking human health and human lives on untried new technologies. It makes perfect logical sense to do so, but the process is susceptible to moral criticism for subjecting captive animals to disease, discomfort, and often death, exclusively for our benefit. Certain types of scientific uses of animal subjects are justified, even at the animal's expense. Still, the most equitable balance of all the interests and ethical issues involved requires a multidimensional perspective instead of characterizing all animal experimentation right or wrong absolutely."

Tags:pain, discomfort, morals, science

Abstract
This paper argues that abortion is a totally unacceptable, cruel and unethical practice and should be considered illegal except under some special cases and medical circumstances that indicate a danger to the mother. The writer states that the judicial system must consider the ethical and moral aspects of abortion as an intrinsic part of the problem when approaching this social issue. The paper discusses that the abortion pill RU486 has not been a breakthrough and instead of making abortion a private and safe method it has only increased the physical discomfort and the psychological ordeal for the woman.

From the Paper
"Abortion is the one of the most debated social issues of this century. The controversy as to the right that man has over the life of a baby in the fetus and in controlling its entry into the world is a much-debated topic. Abortion is nothing but putting an end to the life of the baby by killing it in the womb itself. This social issue assumes all the more importance given the fact that an astounding 1.7 million people have abortions every year in the United States alone. Abortion, which was initially indicated as a life saving procedure, is today misused to suit the whims and fancies of the people. Let us briefly discuss the abortion procedures before going into the ethical and political aspects of RU 486, the latest abortion pill."

Tags:pro-life, women, contraceptive

Abstract
This paper discusses that the similarity between Shakespeare's Sonnets 57 and 58 is significant enough that one might wonder on first reading if one does not render the other redundant, but close reading of the poems shows that they not only function as a pair but also the order in which they occur in the Quarto of 1609 is essential to their meaning. The paper explains that the Sonnet sequences do "allow for the construction both of a narrative and of an inward-looking 'I' figure", but it is not at all possible to read the sequence as one might read a novel or narrative poem. The author believes that there is a strong hint of the speaker's agonizing discomfort with the young man's heterosexual involvements buried in Sonnet 58's puns that is a harbinger of the agony to come. Annotated Bibliography.

From the Paper
"The sense of the poem resides, however, in the anaphoric use of negatives which can be read, at least initially, as a simple litany of the prerogatives that a slave surrenders. As the negatives mount in intensity, the description of what the speaker gives up expands. In the first quatrain, the statement of self-abnegation is plainest, and there is a hint of some sort of reciprocity in the commercial terminology of "precious" "spend" and "services," an indication that the speaker may be or should be compensated for what he gives up. This vanishes in the second quatrain as the metaphor of "sovereign" is joined to that of "slave" and the feelings of the speaker begin to surface. In the third quatrain he identifies the key to his concern, which is his "jealous thought," and the consequence of this feeling, which is the "sad" state in which he "think[s] of nought" but the young man."

Tags:similarity, order, sequence, heterosexual, ideal

Abstract
This paper explores the effects of exercising while pregnant. The paper begins with a physiological explanation of pregnancy and what it does to a woman's body. The paper then looks at the definite advantages of exercising while pregnant and explains that some exercise it vital for a pregnant woman, to remain healthy and reduce discomfort. This is followed by a look at the disadvantages experienced by pregnant women who exercise, such as the added stress on the body. The paper includes reference to a number of scientific and medical articles on the subject.

From the Paper
"Previous research regarding the effects of exercise on pregnancy outcomes has been inconsistent. Because of this, the appropriateness of exercise during pregnancy is controversial. There are many factors that affect a woman's ability to exercise and her body's response to exercise. Placental blood flow, the potential for hyperthermia and trauma, changes in coordination and balance, body position during exercise, increased nutritional requirements, and the potential for back and pelvic pain must all be taken into consideration when examining the effects of exercise on pregnancy."

Tags:medical, science, body, baby, women, obstetric, gynecologist

Abstract
The following paper discusses and critically analyzes the title of Blake's poem, "Mad Song", the sleep/day/night triad personification as well as the stanza structure and binary oppositions such as wild/tame and comfort/discomfort.

From the Paper
"The first thing that one notices about the poem is its title, "Mad Song". There are seven other poems in Poetical Sketches entitled "Song", but this poem stands out because it is the "mad" song. The reader then wonders: is the poem about madness, written by a madman or both? To begin with, the first line of the poem, "the wild winds weep," connotes a sad wind which cries. It does not seem violent as would the howling wind of a storm, nor is it playful like a gentle breeze. The wind is mournfully crying with sadness even though it is "wild" which usually connotes a joyful freedom."

Tags:night, cold, reader, enfolds, embraces, comforts, writer, sleep, wraps, grief, day

Abstract
This paper studies utilitarianism which is a prime philosophical concept related to freedom and liberty. This theory was invented by several thinkers, one of them being John Stuart Mills in his essay "On Liberty". This paper deeply examines utilitarianism and its pros and cons one of which is tyranny. It concludes that the necessity of difference that Mills refers to in his discussion of utility surpasses the more immediate but inferior utility of the moment's discomfort.

From the Paper
"John Stuart Mills is best known for being one of the inventive, driving forces behind the philosophy of utilitarianism and a proponent of sweeping individual freedom. Utilitarianism, the moral theory in which all his other philosophies are rooted, teaches that the ethical nature of actions is determined neither by religious code, public opinion, or some other external force, but by the foreseeable result of these actions. An action which is useful and results in the greatest happiness and the least pain is moral, whereas an action which results in unhappiness and pain is neither useful nor moral. This rule of usefulness, or "utility," in many ways serves to take morality and ethics out of the hands of priests and gods and put it into the hands of the common man. It is a morality based on the interest of the individual rather than on the interest of his deities, and beyond that it is a morality based on the greater good and common interest of mankind. As can be guessed, this makes utilitarianism a prime philosophical concept for thinkers enamored with individual freedom, and the need to create everything in society -- from morality to legality -- around the freedom of the individual. This was always the intention of Mills, who wrote extensively on the important of liberty."

Tags:Utilitarianism, theory, philosophy, John, Stuart, Mills, 'On, Liberty', freedom, tyranny

Abstract
The paper discusses the argument that has sent the world into a tailspin as to whether or not people suffering from terminal or excruciatingly painful illness have the right to take their own lives by way of physician-assisted suicide. It shows that proponents contend that what one does with one's life is of no consequence to anyone else -- that it is humane to allow someone to be relieved of constant " if not unbearable " discomfort. On the other hand, critics claim that the act of euthanasia is nothing more than a fabricated form of murder. The paper shows that both sides have pertinent points when it comes to understanding and assessing the conflict, but argues that euthanasia supporters have a significantly stronger argument when considering the bigger picture. The general argumentative point of this paper is that physician-assisted suicide is not only the right thing to do for someone seeking such a decision, but it is ethical and humane for a physician to abide by the patient's wish.

From the Paper
"The primary focus of conflict with regard to physician-assisted suicide is whether or not it is ethically sound. To determine what is ethically sound, however, one must first define the meaning of ethics. This may appear rather simple to achieve on the outset, but one would soon find that defining such a concept is an extremely personal interpretation. There is no black and white definition of ethics, because each and every person subscribes to his or her own value system; therefore, placing a blanket definition upon the ethical implications of physician-assisted suicide is no different than doing the same with religion or politics: one size does not fit all. To ascertain the ethical nature of euthanasia is to find out what it means to the person requesting the procedure. One will find that to these people, who have suffered terribly at the hands of debilitating and terminal illnesses, the ethical attributes of physician-assisted suicide are far more forgiving than to those who stand by and ignorantly criticize."

Tags:legalization, life, quality, values

Abstract
This paper examines the West Nile Virus, a form of encephalitis only found in the United States within the last three years which is spread by mosquitoes. West Nile Virus has infected far more people than has been reported in the media because most people have either very mild symptoms or none at all. It describes the main symptoms such as a fever with some gastro-intestinal discomfort and shows how the elderly are the most susceptible. It looks at problems in actually diagnosing the disease properly due to the vagueness of the symptoms, physicians cannot tell from a physical examination alone whether the person has the disease or not, the only definite way is through a blood test. Since as yet there is no vaccine against the disease for humans, the only way to prevent the disease is to prevent mosquito bites. It provides a number of suggestions for people to minimize their risk for acquiring West Nile Virus.

From the Paper
"When people are outdoors, they should use insect repellent with DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). This chemical has been proven in research to be the most effective mosquito repellent. In addition, people are advised to cover as much skin as possible, using full-length pants and long-sleeved shirts. The clothes should be sprayed with insect repellent also, or mosquitoes may be able to bit them through their clothing. If the clothes aren't sprayed, then the skin under the clothes should be (CDC, 2002). They also recommend staying indoors when mosquitoes are most likely to be out: dawn, and dusk through early evening."

Tags:encephalitis, mosquitoes, symptoms, blood, vaccine