Abstract
This paper reviews the landmark book "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison," written by French philosopher Michel Foucault which explores the development of punishment in Europe. This fact-filled paper details and describes the stages of public torture used in 18th century Europe as well as the more modern incarceration techniques, some of which are still in use today. This paper discusses the system of old monarchical law in which the body of the criminal belonged to the sovereign and torture and public execution were frequently used. The goal of the prison system was, and still is, to reform criminals by way of physical and behavior modification which is forced upon them behind prison walls.

From the Paper
"Both the old monarchical system of punishment and the newer system of incarceration relied upon coercion. The old monarchical system was obviously coercive, since punishment was public and severe. The sovereign had possession of the convict's body; the state could therefore do as it saw fit. Similarly, the prison system was coercive since it forced prisoners to abide by extremely rigid schedules. Prisoners had set wake-up times, set work times, set meals times. Within the system, there were punishments for deviating from the routine. The gentle way in punishment, however, attempted to be not coercive, but persuasive. There were several ways in which the gentle way in punishment attempts to be persuasive. One way was through the lack of arbitrariness of punishment. Punishment must be seen as being inseparably linked to the particular crime."

Tags:history, criminal, justice, incarceration, europe, torture, prison, jail

Abstract
This paper examines how, in "Discipline and Punish", Michel Foucault considers, describes, and criticizes the prison system and its history. It looks at how he describes in detail the ancient systems of public torture, which developed to become private executions, and the dungeons that became prisons at a later stage. In his critique, Foucault then makes suggestions and comments regarding the shortcomings of the punitive system and how these shortcomings can be addressed.

Outline
Torture
Punishment
Discipline
Prison

From the Paper
"The second part is a further exposition of the nature of punishment and also of crime and the criminal engaging in illegal actions. The more psychological viewpoint of crime and punishment as shown in the previous section is now considered in greater depth. Foucault goes on to describe how the changing attitude towards punishment has divides itself into a consideration of the exact nature of crime and also of the kind of people most likely to engage in criminal activities. The focus has thus turned inward towards the psyche rather than outward towards the body. According to Foucault, this also, interestingly enough, affected the nature of crime, which has evolved from violent crimes that are mostly physically oriented, to more inventive crimes such as fraud."

Tags:prison, torture

Abstract
This paper begins with a discussion on the etymology of the word discipline and its definition. It continues to highlight different methods of discipline and offers examples to qualify points made. In conclusion, the author summarizes the paper and offers a personal opinion on discipline and child rearing.

Table of Contents:
A Brief History of Child Discipline
Punishment
Corporal Punishment
Deprivation
Positive Reinforcement
Summary
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The views of children have changed drastically throughout history. We've gone from viewing children as little adults until just recently, understanding the developmental necessity that discipline serves. In the past, discipline was seen as means to control and mold children into obedient and socially successful women, who in turn become good wives and mothers. Little boys were raised to be strong, masculine, and intelligent leaders and protectors. Men were expected to become professionals typically in the same line of work as their fathers and bring home enough money to support the family. While similar goals exist today, there is more equality among the goal and expectations of men and women. Discipline is now aimed at raising socially, emotionally, and professionally intelligent individuals with more opportunity than before. Corporal punishment or spankings were popular in the past."

Tags:child, role, model, punishment

Abstract
This paper discusses that, in the chapter titled "Illegalities and Delinquency", Foucault focuses specifically on the concept of imprisonment. The author explains that Foucault calls the prison system a "carceral system", a method of discipline that extends beyond the physical prison itself into society. The paper states that Foucault points out that, despite the repeated failures, the fundamental principles of prison have remained the same for 150 years.

From the Paper
"Finally, the penal system indirectly contributes to delinquency by throwing the prisoner's entire family into destitution. When the head of the family is thrown in prison, the mother is usually unable to earn enough to feed her children. This encourages abandonment. The whole family is reduced to "vagabondage and begging" (229). Often the temptation to steal out of desperation or hunger becomes too great to resist."

Tags:imprisonment, carceral, failure, recidivism, delinquency

Abstract
This paper examines the various stages of a child's development in order to determine which approach to discipline is appropriate at which age. First, the paper takes a look at Erik Erikson's approach to child development and the different stages the child will pass through on the road to adulthood. The paper then lists the developmental sequences that children experience. Discipline is defined and then effective and ineffective discipline methods are highlighted. The paper concludes by discussing the difference between punishment and discipline.

Outline:
Introduction
Stages of Development (Erikson)
Developmental Stages Important in Appropriate Discipline
General Development Sequence: Toddler through Preschool
Positive and Effective Discipline - Ages and Stages Approach
Ineffective Discipline
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"In disciplining the child, it is critical that the parent or caretaker understand that the child passes through several stages of development and that each of these stages necessarily requires different forms of discipline if that discipline is to be effective in nature. Erik Erikson held that the socialization process involves eight specific stages or what Erikson termed to be the 'eight stages of man'. These stages were "formulated, not through experimental work, but through wide-ranging experience in psychotherapy including extensive experience with children and adolescents from low- as well as upper- and milddle- social classes." (Child Development Institute, 2008) Erikson held that each specific stage is in actuality a "psychosocial crisis" which "arises and demands resolution before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated." (Child Development Institute, 2008) "

Tags:Erik Erikson, punishment, consequences

Abstract
The paper discusses how it is commonly accepted by many within the media, within academia, and within that large body of professionals who devote themselves to the study and care of children, that corporal punishment, be it undertaken in the home or at school, is destructive. The paper asserts that while there is definitely ample proof for this view, the literature is not as unanimous as some people might believe; in fact, there are a number of studies that suggest responsible physical discipline, combined with a number of other disciplinary strategies, can actually help mold children in positive ways; at the very least, there is some recognition in the research that spanking is not necessarily a statistically significant predictor of anti-social behavior or personality problems later in life. With that in mind, this paper argues that corporal punishment is positive and effective if it is done within the context of the home - and done sparingly; when corporal punishment is carried out in the school, however, there is mounting evidence that this leads to abuse and to serious long-term damage to the child involved. Understandably, because of the controversial and complex nature of this topic, both sides of the debate - those who support corporal punishment and those who are roundly opposed to it - are looked at. Once more, scanning the literature, the paper shows how it is evident that responsible physical discipline by responsible parents can work.

From the Paper
"It is commonly accepted by many within the media, within academia, and within that large body of professionals who devote themselves to the study and care of children, that corporal punishment, be it undertaken in the home or at school, is destructive. While there is definitely ample proof for this view, the literature is not as unanimous as some people might believe. In fact, there are a number of studies that suggest responsible physical discipline, combined with a number of other disciplinary strategies, can actually help mold children in positive ways; at the very..."

Tags:corporal, punishment, children

Abstract
This paper looks at how spanking is a practice that is so widely accepted in American culture. It discusses how, although many argue that this type of punishment has been effective ever since the "good old days" where kids learned forcefully how to behave, there is a plethora of evidence that shows emphatically that corporal punishment never was, is, or will be an effective means of discipline. The paper also looks at how various credible studies and researchers have concluded that corporal punishment causes many undesirable and negative effects on children such as antisocial and violent behavior and how consequently, numerous cases have proven that reducing this type of punishment has measurable benefits.

From the Paper
"Most research concludes that spanking does result in immediate compliance, but according to Jordan Riak, author and founder of the nonprofit organization, Parents and Teachers Against Violence in Education, "today one finds no support for spanking in the research and writing of acknowledged leaders in the behavioral sciences"(Riak 2). On the contrary, studies prove the cumulative negative affects corporal punishment has on children. These negative consequences include (but are not limited to) harm to cognitive ability and development, antisocial and violent behavior, potential for future abusive behavior during adulthood, bodily harm and injury, sexual development problems, emotional distress, and can even be a gateway to more abusive means of discipline. "

Tags:discipline, cognitive, development

Abstract
In this article the writer examines the issue of corporal punishment as it is used in classroom management. The writer notes that this is a concern that has plagued educators for some time because there are many different beliefs about it and there are many different suggestions about how it should be undertaken, or whether it should be undertaken at all. In this thesis, the issue is thoroughly discussed and analyzed in order to better understand why it is so important for the future of the student population in this country - and for the educators as well. The writer concludes that it is easy to determine that positive reinforcement definitely has an impact on children, as does corporal punishment. Some still believe that positive reinforcement is not as effective as negative reinforcement or punishment but the school of thought currently in session appears to indicate that positive reinforcement does indeed provide a much stronger feeling of self-worth and self-discipline for students than negative reinforcement does for the largest majority of students overall.


Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Question
Significance of the Study
Review of Literature
Methods
Analysis of Data
Results
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendices

From the Paper
"When examining the reasons that corporal punishment seems to be such a topic of interest to so many in the education field today, there are many different concerns and many ways to look at the issue. However, it seems clear to most people that something different should be done. As it turns out, however, there are reasons why some individuals believe that stopping corporal punishment and utilizing other methods such as positive reinforcement is not really the answer. Despite this, there are many that believe positive reinforcement is the best way to deal with discipline issues in school children."
"The belief of many is that educators are not doing enough for students and this is true of administration and other educators as well as teachers. These educators should serve the students and the public, and one of the ways to do this is to set guidelines for punishment and positive reinforcement as the first line of defense in dealing with discipline problems in children. Learning how to have discipline at a young age is very important for proper societal functioning later in life, and due to this it is something that is becoming more of a concern than it has been in the past."

Tags:reinforcement, teacher, discipline, study, school

Abstract
This paper researches the effect of assertive discipline on social relationships in the classroom. The paper analyzes what assertive discipline is and how it works in a classroom environment, including steps for implementation. It then reviews the literature with regard to how effective this form of discipline is and how it affects the classroom dynamics.

Table of Contents:
Chapter One
Introduction
Objective
Introduction
Research Question
Rationale
Study Approach
Chapter Two
Review of the Literature
Catching Students Being Good
Assertive Discipline is a Behavioral Approach
Three Competencies of Assertive Discipline
Six Tasks of Assertive Discipline in the Classroom
Application of Assertive Discipline Approach
Key Ideas behind Assertive Discipline
Characteristics of the Assertive Discipline Model
Implementation of the Assertive Discipline Model
Benefits of the Assertive Discipline Approach
Logical Consequences
Ascending & Increasing Level of Consequences for Each Problem Behavior
Review of the Literature Reviewed

From the Paper
"The teacher should always when speaking do so in a firm tone of voice and make eye contact with students, being responsive to appropriate behavior exhibited by students. Assertive Discipline is not difficult to implement and is effectively on a general basis. Assertive Discipline provides students who are misbehaving with the right type of attention for exhibiting good behavior. Parents are involved and through cooperation in discipline techniques, unproductive behaviors have been shown to lessen. Critics of the Assertive Discipline approach hold that children should be taught to follow rules simply because it is the right thing to do and further that the techniques of Assertive Discipline are forms of control that do not encourage critical thinking in the child and interferes with the child in development of self-reliance."

Tags:behavior, punishment, reward

Abstract
This paper presents and discusses the implications of the findings of a study of two high school classes, one taught in the traditional way, and one where different learning styles were used. The author discusses the importance of reaching students and opening up to them, and different kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation that can be used by their educators. Effective use of motivation and rewards can contribute to a student's success both in high school and in life. The author explains that diversity in teaching styles allows all of the students to benefit from the lesson, instead of only those students that have a particular, specific learning style. The author points out the limitations of the study and provides recommendations for further research. The paper includes tables.

Outline:
Chapter 1
Introduction
Description of Findings
Summary of Results
Summary
Chapter 2
Introduction
Conclusion
Implications
Recommendations
Summary

From the Paper
"Opening up to students is very important for teachers. While it is obviously not appropriate for a teacher to confide intimate personal details to the class, or gossip about others to try to be more accepted, there are ways that a teacher can seem more 'real' to the students. For example, crying over something very sad or letting the students know when the teacher is getting angry with their misbehavior goes a long way toward having students see teachers as real people. Children in the second and third grades often react very positively to this behavior, but there are ways to reach high schoolers and older students as well."

Tags:respect grades structure methodology, positive reinforcement, discipline punishment interaction