Abstract
This paper explores both past and current methods of disaster management when volcanic activity occurs. The paper focuses on monitoring and detection as approaches to handling potentially disastrous situations. Various methods of detection are explained, such as seismic monitoring. The author concludes that new methods offer hope for better predictions of volcanic activity, yet more must be done for disaster preparation. This is imperative in order to better predict volcanic events and save the lives of those who witness such a natural disaster.

From the Paper
"Seismic monitoring is one of the most common ways to keep track of volcanic activity (Choi, 2004; Mileti, 1999). Seismometers monitor earth movement, including the earthquakes and tremors that sometimes indicate volcanic activity like underground magma movement (Choi, 2004). Though seismic activity is often linked to volcanic events successfully, not all seismic events indicate a coming eruption (Kerr, 2003). For this reason, seismometer readings do not always provide accurate predictions (Choi, 2004)."

Tags:volcanoes, eruptions, explosions, population, evacuation, hazards, geology, natural, disasters, disaster, management

Abstract
The paper discusses the options that are available to companies to manage and prevent disasters whenever possible. The paper explains that developing advance-warning systems can prevent extensive loss to life and in some cases, precautionary measures can be undertaken to prevent damages to property. The paper also shows how the best defense humans have against natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, hurricanes and storm is public awareness and offering the public sufficient time for evacuation. Some aerial photos are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Tornado Trend Analysis
Confirmation of Fatalities and Injuries
Estimation of Damage to Homes, Business & Infrastructure
Debris Removal for the Purpose of Regaining
Taking Care of the People Impacted by the Tornado
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) makes provisions for federal funds to be provided on a high priority basis to help mitigate hazards at local levels. In addition, the act also calls for identification and assessment of natural disasters that can disrupt the normal functioning of governments and communities, and adversely affect individuals and families with great severity. The act defines an "Emergency" as any occasion or instant for which, in the determination of the President, federal assistance is needed to supplement state and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States. (FEMA.gov, 2003)"

Tags:tornadoes, volcanoes, floods, hurricanes, storm, earthquake

Abstract
This study explains that natural as well as man-made disasters have the potential to impact life on earth; the best defenses against natural disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, hurricanes and storm, are public awareness and offering the public sufficient time for evacuation. The author points out that the world's developed countries consider insurance an essential aspect of their lives, but this dependency on insurance is not shared by citizens of developing countries who might not be able to avail themselves of this facility. The paper relates that, when compared to natural disasters, many of the man-made disasters could have been prevented; understanding the risks involved in any situation is the first step to developing a successful plan to manage the risks involved.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of this Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Definition of Terms
Limitations of this Study
Overview of the Study
Literature Review
Natural Disasters and their Consequences
Man-Made Disaster and the Risks Associated
Life Expectancy and Risk Evaluation
Disaster Response Planning and Insurance Requirements
Methodology
Approach Used
Validity of the Study
Discussion
Summary and Conclusions

From the Paper
"Petroleum exploration, for example, has the ability to impact regions that are geographically very far apart. Environmental issues are becoming increasingly important for the petroleum industry, which has the potential to impact the global economy on a major scale. The three sharp spikes (early 70s, late 70s and 1991) in oil prices observed over time-period of this industry have indicated just how dependent the world economy is on petroleum products. It is easy to correlate these price increases to the recessions that occurred in the U.S. and many world economies during these times. Countries therefore, in addition to investing heavily in the scouring of new petroleum reserves, are also looking for new ways to optimize the processes in their refineries. Increasing storage capacities is a major concern and a potential endeavor. This implies that countries have to build refineries to process the crude oil, support tank farms to store the crude oil before it is processed. Lastly, they have to store the finished products as well as develop shipping and land transportation (rails and roadways) to transport the oil from the supply point to the demand point. Issues such as global warming, fresh water pollution and spills on the high seas are however, forcing countries to reevaluate their strategies when dealing with the environmental issues related to this industry."

Tags:natural, man-made, awareness, secondary, prevention

Abstract
This paper discusses hurricanes and the dangers they pose, then examines disaster planning and emergency preparedness for hurricanes. Future concerns about global warming and other climatic issues affecting hurricanes are discussed.

From the Paper
"The far southern United States, along the eastern seaboard and the Gulf Coast, has a high incidence of hurricanes and a history of substantial hurricane-related damage. Hurricanes, revolving storms originating nearthe equator that are accompanied by torrential rain and wind speeds exceeding ...mph, are a potent threat in this area that need to be prepared for in advance to minimize potential destruction of property by wind and water as well as loss of power and other utilities due to destruction of..."

Tags:emergency, preparedness, prepare, prepared, disaster, recovery, hurricane, cyclone, tornado, global warming, business plan, family plan, safety, FEMA, skills, evacuation, evacuate

Abstract
This paper explains that disasters, which take the form of natural calamities or man made events, have extremely negative effects upon the population and the environment. Prevention is the best method to avoid the catastrophic outcome of a disaster; however, when prevention is not possible, the local, national and international authorities have to minimize the effects of the disaster by interfering and helping the victims. The author points out that the authorities' intervention is not always to the benefit of the population and sometimes increases the damage, such as in the case of the Katrina hurricane and the Crandall Canyon mine collapse. The paper describes standard emergency procedures.

Table of Contents:
Thesis Statement
Disasters
Emergency Management
Standard Procedures to Follow in Case of Disasters
Wrongful Emergency Management
Management of Hurricane Katrina
Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Yet another eloquent example of the authorities' incapacity to accordingly administrate a crisis situation has only recently been presented to us. On 6th of August 2007, the Crandall Canyon Mine collapsed, trapping 6 workers inside.
"The authorities soon responded to the call, but they were unaware of the stability and safety within the mine. In the attempt to rescue the trapped miners, the local authorities sent a team of nine members to dig and recover the miners. But the authorities made a big mistake by blindly sending the team underground."

Tags:demands agencies evacuation, damage assessment, cooperation

Abstract
This paper considers current trends in emergency response management and mitigation in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina. The author contends that the purpose of mitigation is to take the lessons of immediately past disasters and analyze the actions that occurred in the area of emergency management. The author further highlights several areas that affect competent disaster management. These include effective communication among all parties involved in the emergency response. Salient examples of failures from 9/11 and Katrina are presented. The author also argues that prevention is a necessary element of disaster management.

From the Paper
"One of the paramount concerns that has been proven time and time again is that there is a lack of clear goals for change on the part of local, state and federal officials. The simple fact that these and other entities must work together to solve problems, in a pre-disaster and post disaster circumstance also challenges the cause of the reduction of lost life and property. All of these complex issues in combination with the limited time that agencies and individuals have to respond in an emergency situation can make the situation far worse, creating a situation often contrary to the goal of reducing loss and risk. (Mileti, 2004, pg. 236) To solve this complex issue, communication is key and mitigating the communication plans including back up forms of communication and chain of command plans as essential to changing the ways in which an emergency manager deals with a potential or realized disaster. "

Tags:emergency, response, mitigation, 9/11, Hurricane, Katrina, natural, disasters

Abstract
This paper looks at how, in times of disaster, local, national, and international authorities are supposed to interfere in order to help the victims of the disaster and reduce its effects to a minimum level. However, the authorities' intervention is not always to the benefit of the population, as sometimes the interventions only increase the damage. The paper uses the examples of the Katrina hurricane and the Crandall Canyon Mine collapse to demonstrate this point, noting that, in both cases, the interference of the law enforcements increased the number of casualties. Thus, the paper argues that the need for improved capabilities to interfere in crisis situations becomes more and more obvious. This is needed not only because of the actual incapacity of the law enforcements to actually aid the victims, but also because of the shifting nature of disasters. The paper concludes that as the potential causes of disaster increase rapidly, so must the emergency management programs.

Table of Contents:
Thesis Statement
Disasters
Emergency Management
Standard Procedures to Follow in Case of Disasters
Wrongful Emergency Management
Management of Hurricane Katrina
Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse
Conclusions

From the Paper
"In order to explain their failure to properly manage a disaster, authorities argue that the emergency management does not solely apply to the government and its subsidies, but to the overall population. The police explain that in crisis situations, the population panics and they have far too high demands from the local authorities. Furthermore, another argument of the law centres is that during peaceful times, the population does not engage in activities to prevent disasters, the way they should."

Tags:unreliable, social phenomenon, new orleans, second collapse, victims

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of terrorism. Specifically, it discusses how agencies work together to prepare for and respond to a terrorist incident. In particular, it looks at how Interagency Disaster Management, also known as Emergency Management Preparation and Planning (EMP), is essential for responding to a terrorist incident and how ongoing training is also essential to ensure interagency preparedness. For a successful response to a terrorist incident, agencies must work together effectively to control and contain the area, and preparedness training is the only way to achieve these goals.

Outline:
Preparedness
Response

From the Paper
"The actual response to a terrorist incident involves multi-agencies and many challenges. Depending on where the attack occurs, several jurisdictions, that may not have trained together, may end up responding to the incident. The editors of the Responder knowledge base Web site note, "This would occur in the midst of confounding uncertainties, limited resources, conflicting priorities and potentially tragic misdirection. Many responders, lacking clear guidance, would simply react to apparent immediate needs" ("Emergency management," 2009). It is important to note that in the event of a terrorist incident, local first responders would be the first on the scene, and it is imperative that incident commanders gain control or at least understand the complexities of the situation. However, there are national agencies, under the guidance of FEMA and other government agencies, that offer national response coordination 24/7 every day of the year. These organizations train in every state, and would eventually coordinate the response operations for a major terrorist incident in the country. "

Tags:Emergency, Preparation

Abstract
The National Fire Protection Agency developed the 1600 Disaster in January of 1991. The purpose of the NFPA 1600 is to define recommended disaster management practices. It was completed in 1995 but it was not an official standard at that point in time. It was not until the year 2000 when it went from a recommendation to a standard. The NFPA is a standard for the development of Disaster, Emergency Management, and Business Continuity Programs. It applies to Public, Private, and non-profit agencies to prevent, mitigate, prepare, respond, and recover from disasters.

From the Paper
"As per the NFPA 1600 Emergency Management programs must have plans for prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery phases. The prevention phase of an incident includes the following: the development of a strategy, establishing prevention programs, implementing preventative systems, preparation plan and performing preventative actions. The mitigation phase includes the following: control the impact of hazardous incidents and emergencies, reduce the severity of hazardous incidents and emergencies, and limit the damage and loss that tends to occur when prevention fails. The preparation phase means being ready to deal with future disasters and emergencies. When an organization has reached a state of preparedness it means it has established all the activities, systems, and procedures needed to manage a future disaster. The response phase is used to manage incidents that threaten people, property, operations, or the environment. The response phase of a plan should address either immediate or on-going long-term threats. The recovery phase is a means to restore services, facilities, programs, and infrastructure after a disaster or emergency occurs."

Tags:National Fire Protection Assocation, NFPA, Disaster, Emergency Management, Business Continuity Plans