Abstract This paper evaluates the problem of teen smoking which is on the rise compared to the decrease in adult smokers. It examines the history and causes of teen smoking including the factors influencing children to start smoking at a young age. Children are three times as likely to smoke if both of their parent's smoke and parents' approval or disapproval of the habit is also a significant factor. It shows how the tobacco industry from its earliest marketing days has aggressively targeted young people and the ease of buying such as from vending machines only worsens the problem. It discusses steps that can be taken to eradicate the problem through advertising and restricting sales and concludes with positive action that can be taken to help a teen smoker stop.
From the Paper "Another way to halt the teenage smoking plague is to restrict sales. In 1992, Congress enacted the Synar Amendment, which requires states to put teeth into their laws against selling cigarettes to minors, or lose much-needed federal money for drug and alcohol treatment. The Synar Amendment has gone unforced for nearly three years, awaiting permission of the regulations by the Office of Management and Budget. In the meantime, any real progress on enforcing sales laws has arisen at the local level."
Abstract This paper reviews the work on the concept of victimless crimes by sociologist, Edwin M. Schur. The paper presents Schur's argument that this type of crime marginalizes groups of people, such as gays and lesbians, as deviant and wastes society resources on drug users and pornography. The paper author argues that decriminalization of violent pornography and drug use, based on their perceived "non harm", is to remain blind to the serious personal and social consequences of these crimes.
From the Paper "Schur's argument about the social construction of deviancy has merit. Today, for instance, it is difficult to label the Suffragettes of the early 20th century as criminals or deviants. Yet, many women were thrown in jail for agitating for a woman's right to vote. Margaret Sanger was charged with obscenity for teaching women about venereal disease and birth control. A man who drank whiskey in the privacy of his own home during the Prohibition would have been arrested. In this light, many of the laws enacted about victimless crimes were enacted to uphold prevailing notions of what was right."
Tags: Edwin, M., Schur, pornography, decriminalization, marijuana
Abstract This paper examines the drug marijuana, generally disapproved of for causing lethargy and memory loss, which shares tobacco's propensity for causing lung cancer and it is widely and safely used by a significant percentage of America's population. It provides a history of the drug use in America and the fight against it over the years as well as its legality throughout the country. It analyses the dangers of smoking marijuana through various literature reviews and studies. It puts forward a research design to measure the hypothesis that recreational marijuana use is no more dangerous than smoking cigarettes in quantities that constitute normal use among Americans by looking at both American and Dutch populations.
From the Paper "The amount of money the United States spends "fighting" drug use every year is in the range of 35-40 billion dollars, equal to the annual budget of Russia. This herculean effort has met with little success; the Economist article reports that almost a third of Americans over 12 years of age admit to having tried drugs at some point, while over 26 million admit to having used drugs within the past year. Three fourths of all drug users in the United States are marijuana smokers."
Abstract This paper examines the character relationships that are found in the novel, "The Great Gatsby." The writer explores how the character of Daisy and the narrator serve as each other's foils throughout the story. The first way Daisy served as a foil was by just being herself, her self-indulgence set the tone for many of her actions. Nick was Daisy's foil because she was bothered and very aware of his disapproval of many of her actions. The author points out that these differences are used to weave the lessons learned from this story.
From the Paper "Nick was the foil of Daisy in a different way than she foiled him. For all of her arrogance and style she was always acutely aware of Nick's moral judgments of her. She felt small around him because he did not attempt to hide his disapproval of her actions. He often effused to take part in the escapades that would allow her to cheat on her husband with Jay Gatsby and she needed the help of Nick at times to pull it off. They did not agree but she felt he should do it because she was deserving just as she felt she was deserving of anything she wanted. His judgments of her brought her back to reality and the fact that she was not the diva she tried to convince the world that she was."
Abstract This paper examines the abortion debate from several points but focuses on whether or not the government should make abortion illegal. The author of the paper is of the opinion that we might do all we can to discourage people from having an abortion, and the disapproval of society would have an effect. However, the government should not be able to compel a woman to carry her child to term if that is not her wish. The paper examines views of several authors on the subject, such as Zillah R. Eisenstein ("The Female Body and the Law") and B.M. Leiser ("Liberty, Justice, and Morals").
From the Paper "The essential legalization of abortion and contraception has little to do with the various moral arguments offered or even with medical concerns about safety or physical or psychological health. The abortion decision before the Supreme Court was based on a question of privacy rights. Privacy issues intersect with the Constitution in several different aspects, though there is no specific right of privacy enumerated in the Constitution. One dimension of privacy involves questions of "life styles" and control of a person's body (Mason and Stephenson 442)."
Abstract This paper reviews William Shakespeare's play "King Lear" with an emphasis on the storm which is featured primarily in Act III. It examines how the storm operates on several levels both integral to the plot and purely metaphorical or aesthetic. It looks at how it serves as an icon of the treachery and ruthlessness of Lear's disloyal daughters and how the pounding rain and thunder is clearly representative of his confusion, anger and increasing madness. It evaluates how it could be a sign of divine disapproval for Lear's abdication of a God-assigned position as earthly ruler since without the storm, Lear would never have met Edgar, nor would Kent run into the gentleman whom he sends to Dover to inform Cordelia of the alliance between Albany and Cornwall.
From the Paper "After giving up his land to them, Lear is at the mercy of Goneril and Regan, who, despite their professed love of the king, conspire to take all of his power away. Goneril perpetually finds faults in the king, uttering ridicules like: ?Here do you keep a hundred knights and squires, men so disordered, so debauched and bold, that this our court, infected with their manners, shows like a riotous inn,? (Lr. 1.4.248-51). After this, Lear makes a plethora of particularly damning statements, including: ?Into her womb convey sterility. Dry up in her the organs of increase, and from her derogate body never spring a babe to honor her. "
This paper discusses the current Bush Administration's decision to sign a joint resolution of Congress disapproving Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) ergonomics standard and the consequences of putting that resolution into effect.
Abstract This paper focuses on the OSHA ergonomics program initiated in 2001 and the following elimination of that program by Congress. The scope and the purpose of the ergonomics program is examined as well as the consequences caused by its elimination.
From the Paper "It is interesting to note that this was NOT the agency's proposal, but obviously a political one, with the new President strongly beholden to the business community. The agency, OSHA, is not a ?political animal.? It was created to develop a meaningful means of overseeing workplace safety, which involves a lot more than unsafe working conditions."
Tags: ergonomic, policy, carpal, tunnel, syndrome, ergonomics, program, standard
Abstract This paper uses the author's tones in "Anna Karenina" and "Chronicle of a Death Foretold" to compare Leo Tolstoy's and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's cynical tone towards society. Both authors use satire and irony to criticize the corruption of society and the institution of marriage. The paper shows that Tolstoy focuses on his disapproval of the upper-class aristocracy, while Garcia Marquez satirizes society in general. Tolstoy does not present the aristocracy with much honor or morals, unlike Garcia Marquez who uses a town that, although is corrupted, still has a strong moral back bone.
From the Paper "Tolstoy and Garcia Marquez also differ in the amount of honor and morals that their characters contain. Tolstoy's mocking tone towards society is displayed when he is describing society's view towards adultery. Vronsky thinks of "the position of a man pursuing a married woman, and, regardless of everything, staking his life on drawing her into adultery, has something fine and grand about it, and can never be ridiculous" (Tolstoy 117). Adultery is not a fine or grand act; it is a sin that defies the purity of marriage. Tolstoy uses society's indifference towards adultery as a way to create irony because society permits adultery, as long as it does not break apart a family. Once Anna leaves her husband for Vronsky, society rejects her. Tolstoy displays how society approves of adultery as long as it does not disrupt the social arrangements of marriage."
Abstract This essay deals with issues of sensibility in Enlightenment women's literature. Sensibility is the Enlightenment term for strong feeling, which was often disapproved of in women, yet encouraged in men. The essay explores how the characters in Wollstonecraft's "Mary" and Hays' "Memoirs of Emma Courtney" claim the power of sensibility for themselves.
Abstract Examines the convoluted and vague nature of enacting laws, standards and regulations. Uses the example of the Bush Administration's disapproving the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ergonomics standard.
From the Paper "On May 23, 2000, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published a notice in the Federal Register informing the public that despite eight years of analyzing the economic impact of its proposed Ergonomics Program ..."
Abstract This paper deals with the political, social and religious issues that faced and concerned William Blake and the common themes which are often expressed through his poetry. In particular, it examines "The Echoing Green" and "London", poems taken from Blake's "Songs of Innocence and of Experience" and uses them to discuss Blake's attitudes towards the changes taking place. It looks at how in "The Echoing Green" Blake addresses a part of life that was rapidly disappearing during his time, due to the rapid social advances that affected rural life. It also analyses how "London" provides a clear example of Blake's disapproval of changes that occurred during his time and can be seen to encapsulate several of the implications from "Songs of Experience".
From the Paper "William Blake lived in a world of massive transition; in a world that was developing at a speed unparalleled in British history and where changes were occurring in almost every aspect of society. The Industrial Revolution propelled developments, but although it made Britain the most technically advanced country in the world, these advances were paradoxical since many people became poorer than before, as manufacturing moved from cottage to factory, and many workers were no longer required. William Blake also witnessed both the American War of Independence and the French Revolution and he was greatly affected by both these events and their surrounding ideologies."
Abstract This paper focuses on Andrew Marvell's poem, ?To His Coy Mistress,? and how the speaker of the poem will say anything to get the woman to have sex with him. Three additional authors, who have written their own analyses of the poem, are brought in to prove or disapprove the writer's interpretation of the poem. Included with this paper is a 'works cited' page and a word-for-word paraphrase of the poem.
From the Paper "Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" suggests that some men, like the speaker in Marvell's poem, actually do not love the woman they desire. Rather these men will make false promises, lie, or make sarcastic comments in hopes of tricking their women into having sex with them, or to make her feel guilty or insecure so that the women will finally give into having sex with them."
Abstract This paper examines how conflicts and wars have been part of the human civilization since time immemorial and how, throughout the different eons of history, we have accounts of the destructive effects of wars, irrespective of the cause for which they were fought. It discusses how wars are very much a part of the political system of the world and how every religion in the world has had its own maxims and directives used as the standard for either supporting or disapproving of a war. It looks at how, from the Christian perspective, St. Augustine's "Just cause theory" is the principle doctrine used for justifying a war. It discusses the philosophy of the "just war" and ascertains whether or not it was followed in the U.S. war with Iraq.
Outline
Introduction
War and Humanity
Just War Doctrine
War and Ethical Reasoning
Terrorism and Just War
War with Iraq (Preemptive Strike)
Preemptive Attack and Consequences
Conclusion
From the Paper "Given that wars imply destruction on a large scale and the loss of divinely ordained human life we are faced with the dilemma as to weather or not it is ethical to support it under any circumstances. Certainly we must strive towards peaceful means of settling issues and must avoid war at any cost. Wars that have the motive of national fame, territorial gains and purposes of a non-defensive nature are clearly a breach of ethical and moral code of conduct and should be properly regarded as unjustifiable. But under certain conditions when war is forced upon a nation it stands ethically and morally responsible to defend its people from the onslaught of the attackers."
Abstract This paper discusses Roman leader, Cato the Elder, and the influence he had in Rome and on Roman society as described by Roman author, Plutarch, in his text, "The Makers of Rome". The paper examines Cato's personal characteristics as a man, citizen of Rome, and a leader. The paper concentrates on those characteristics that Plutarch either favors or disapproves of.
From the Paper "The most important aspect of Plutarch's account of the life of Cato the Elder can be broken down into a number of distinct areas that help us to consider our understanding of humanity. The most important point for discussion is clearly the unique and frugal way in which Cato lived during his time, and how this behavior affected his interactions with others. Most notable are Plutarch's descriptions of Cato's political and military accomplishments. Plutarch clearly looked upon Cato's family life and public service combined with his virtues of frugality and self-restraint as some of his more noteworthy characteristics; however, he was highly critical of Cato's treatment of slaves as well as his attitude against the Greek culture."
Abstract This paper examines gender role definition in the ancient world by reviewing "Antigone" by Sophocles, "Eumenides" by Aeschylus, and the plight of Eve in "Genesis" from the Old Testament of the Bible. The author points out that it is evident women were placed in a secondary position and that the law was traditionally determined by men or male gods. The paper relates that the three women experienced some form of judgment: Athena with social disapproval; Eve with the punishment of pain; and Antigone with death.
From the Paper ""Antigone" reflects the earliest of the feminist portrayal of woman standing against the laws of men. Sophicles does not portray Antigone as a paragon of feminine conformity, rather, she is a woman who has never married, never borne children and is only a 'daughter' in a social order that values males and devalues females. Nonetheless, she is seen as having power through her ability to motivate others toward assuming her opinion. She has strength of character and the strength of her convictions."
