Abstract
Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae bacterium. This paper examines the history of this disease and its clinical features. It also shows how diphtheria can be prevented and treated.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Prevention
Treatment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Avoiding contact with known diphtheria patients and maintaining a healthy immune system are the most important steps in preventing the disease after vaccination. In the United States, diphtheria is considerably more common among Native Americans and the homeless, suggesting that socioeconomic status, high standard of living and good healthcare play an important role in preventing contraction of the disease."

Tags:neurological, myocarditis, nasal, booster, immunization

Abstract
This paper explains that in "The Use of Force" by William Carlos Williams, the narrator, who is a doctor with human emotions just like everyone else, is called by a poor family with little education to attend to their daughter who might be sick from diphtheria. Although the doctor enters the situation with a professional manner, the situation quickly gets out of control as the doctor finds himself attracted to a young girl and excited by the violence. The author points out that, through the story, the reader is dragged around with the doctor feeling that he is doing what is right; but, in the end, the way he forces the young girl and he enjoys it so much, the reader is left with the lingering thought that maybe he was wrong. The paper concludes that the story is meant to symbolize how society is sometimes coaxed into allowing negative things to take place.

From the Paper
"As the story progresses a conflict arises between the doctor and the young girl. The doctor needs to access the girl's throat in order to see if it is sore, but the young girl will not allow it. The doctor states "As I moved my chair a little nearer suddenly with one catlike movement both her hands clawed instinctively for my eyes and she almost reached them to." She was determined to keep her mouth shut. It becomes a power struggle between himself and the young patient. In a way you feel that the doctor is the protagonist that deals with the young girl and his inner demons as his antagonists. He conflicts with both of them trough out the whole story building tension."

Tags:rape, narrator, emotions, violence, diphtheria

Abstract
This paper first relates the history of antibodies from the time of Behring and Kitasato, in 1890, who demonstrated that it is possible to neutralize a fatal dose of the diphtheria toxin, to Milstein and Kohler, in 1975, who produced in-vitro "custom-built" antibodies. The paper then differentiates between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and explores the production of monoclonals. The paper concludes by investigating the use of monoclonal antibodies as immnosuppresents, angiogenesis inhibitors and anti-tumor agents and future developments. Two colored illustrations are included in the paper.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
History of Antibodies
Types of Antibody, Their Structure and Effects
Difference between Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies
Production of Monoclonals
Hybridoma
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunosuppressive Agents
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Anti-Tumor Agents
Top 10 Monoclonal Drugs
Future Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another new technology, which will be used in the future, is antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology. ADCs are monoclonal antibodies, which carries potent, cell-killing drugs. Developed by Seattle Genetics, this technology uses antibodies attached to synthetic drugs by linker systems. These linker systems are designed in such a way that they remain stable while passing through the bloodstream, and once inside the target cells, release the required drug. As a result, nearby normal cells are spared and it thus, does not cause any unwanted toxic effects of chemotherapy."

Tags:glycoproteins, immune system, classes, hybrid hybridoma, antibody-drug conjugate

Abstract
This paper explains that several diseases, which killed in the past, have been controlled through the use of vaccinations; however, this does not mean the diseases are gone because, without continuing the vaccination programs, these diseases could reappear. The author points out that many parents believe that the vaccinations can cause other complications or even cause the disease: This is untrue because the vaccination contains a non-active form of the virus or disease and cannot cause the body to contract the disease. The paper stresses that parents must protect their children from contracting deadly diseases, which are preventable through immunization.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Rationalize
Reasons
Disease Prevention
Better Health
Preventing Unnecessary Deaths
Diseases Controlled with Vaccinations
Polio
Measles
Meningitis
Whooping Cough
Rubella
Chicken Pox
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Mumps
Rationale for Controlling These Diseases
Myths Associated with Vaccinations
Vaccinations Cause Diseases
Diseases are Not Deadly so Vaccines are not Necessary
Diseases are Eliminated in the U.S. so Vaccines aren't Necessary
Truths about Vaccinations
Emerging Diseases
Toscana Virus
Avian Influenza
Coltiviruses from Ticks
Immunization
Tracking in the U.S.
Determining who is Immunized
Spread of Diseases Unknowingly
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Recently, there have been some new diseases that have emerged and scientists are trying to create vaccinations to control them. One new disease is called the Toscana virus. This virus was discovered in 1971 in Italy. Since then it has spread into Europe. It affects the central nervous system and has been the major cause of meningitis and encephalitis. Scientists are working on the pathogen to find out how it spreads these diseases and how to stop it. Another recently discovered virus is the avian influenza. It has been found in chickens and in humans in Thailand. - It has not been known to transfer from birds to humans but it is believed that it may mutate into a form that will. Currently many organizations are studying the avian influenza and are concerned about a new pandemic. "

Tags:myth, reappear, non-active, pathogen, preventable

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses "Gryphon" by Charles Baxter, "The Use Of Force" by William Carlos Williams and "A Small, Good Thing" by Raymond Carver. The paper focuses specifically on the use of irony to dramatize conflict in these three tales. According to the paper, conflict is the essence of all good storytelling.

From the Paper
"William Carlos William's short story "The Use of Force" also ironically depicts someone who must be cruel, only to be kind. The conflict of the story centers on a young child with a fever, and the doctor who is trying to save the little girl. The irony of the story is that the doctor must examine the child's throat, but the child regards the doctor as an intruder, and the doctor must force himself, violently, upon the child, to help her live. Irony is also manifest in the child's perspective, because the child quite reasonably sees the strange man who wishes to look at her throat as a dangerous intruder. Her parents, filled with love for Mathilda, have not forced her to open her mouth. The medical professional, in contrast, is capable of some objectivity in the situation. He tries at first, like the parents, to coax her, but to no avail. "Such a nice man, put in the mother. Look how kind he is to you. Come on, do what he tells you to. He won't hurt you."

Tags:Ms., Ferenczi, angels, birthday, cake, mother, Ann, Scotty, Doctor, diphtheria, drama

Abstract
This paper details how the invasion of the European settlers into North America was aided by the diseases brought with them. It explains the nature of these diseases, why the Europeans were immune while the Native Americans were not, how they were spread so quickly and easily, why they were so deadly and how they became the deciding factor in the European invasion of North America. It also details how these microbes impacted on the African slave trade.

From the Paper
"The European conquest of the New World was fueled not only by weaponry, warfare, and greed but also by a secret, invisible, and lethal agent - microbes. These soldiers of infectious disease played a major role in shaping the European conquest of the New World. The Europeans through years of prior exposure and adapted immune systems successfully warded off these killers, indiscriminate by nature. Beaten back by the European invaders, these agents found a home in the New World in the bodies of the Native Americans dwelling there. On some accounts, during the first few centuries after Columbus landed in the New World in 1492, more Native Americans died each year from infectious disease than were born (Meltzer 38). However, it is clear on any account of history that the principle element responsible for the rapid demise of the Native Americans after their initial contact with Europeans was their extreme susceptibility to European microbes, the silent killers of the New World."

Tags:Columbus, influenza, pathogens, diphtheria, smallpox, Aztec, Empire