Abstract This paper discusses that concerns have been raised about a rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper explains that the issue has been examined using climate models, such as the one called EDGCM based on a 120 year long model run, starting in 1985 with an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The paper relates that a global climate model such as this allows for a study of climates in the past present and future.
From the Paper "Such computer-driven models are one of the primary tools now used in climate research. The EDGCM model also serves as a learning tool for students and provides data to the public in a more easily-accessed manner than is true of some other models ("EDGCM: The Project" paras. 1-3)."
A paper which discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming.
Abstract A paper which examines the arguments that refute that it is not accurate to mainly attribute the problem of global warming to the increasing carbon dioxide emission caused by human activities. The paper discusses the issue of global warming and explores the reasons behind the argument that carbon dioxide emissions are most likely the cause of the global warming. This paper provides the necessary information needed to support the argument presented, as well as discusses and analyzes the opposing arguments that are given in light of this controversial environmental issue. In the last part of the paper the author contends that despite opposing claims refuting the main argument, increased carbon dioxide emissions are still the primary reason why global warming has been prevalent over the years.
From the Paper "There are significant effects in the health of human beings and the environment due to global warming. Human health is threatened because too much heat in the atmosphere causes certain deadly diseases to propagate. Malaria is an example of this disease, which propagate under local climates (hot and humid climates). Excessive heat also result to respiratory ailments and death. Heat strokes attack many people especially when they encounter heat more than their body temperature can take or adapt to. Environmental elements such as water resources dry up due to excessive evaporation. Climate changes occur when excessive precipitation happens because of uncontrollable conditions in the atmosphere. Different landforms become barren and dry, making it impossible for plants to thrive. When this happens, animals that live in their habitats will leave, and may not survive. All of these effects in the environment contribute to the imbalance in ecological diversity."
Tags: Greenhouse, effect, US, Environmental, Protection, Agency, United, Nations
Abstract The paper identifies the chemical and physical properties of nitrogen dioxide and its sources in the environment. The paper discusses its interaction in the environment, its effects on the human body and its toxicity. The paper also looks at emission standards for nitrogen dioxide gases and provides suggestions for reducing reactive nitrogen dioxide exposure.
Outline:
Chemical and Physical Data
Occurrence/Sources in the Environment
Interaction in the Environment
Effects on the Human Body
Toxicity
Regulations
Suggestions for Action
From the Paper "Nitrogen Dioxide or NO2 is a red-brown or yellow liquid, which becomes a colorless solid at a specific temperature (EPA 2007). It is a non-combustible component of automotive exhaust fumes. It can be derived during the intermediate stage in the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid. It is highly poisonous and even fatal when inhaled. Tolerance in the air is at 5 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide can react strongly with reducing materials. It occurs as environmental tobacco smoke and artificially as kerosene heaters, un-vented gas stoves and heaters. Among its effects on health are irritations on the eyes, nose and throat; pulmonary edema and diffused lung injury; chronic bronchitis; decreased lung function; and increased risk of respiratory infections, especially in young children (US Environmental Protection Agency)."
Abstract This paper reviews the article "The little plankton that could... maybe" by Marx, which describes a new proposal to use plankton to fight global warming. The paper illustrates how high carbon dioxide levels cause global warming and that plankton trap carbon dioxide on the ocean floor, which could recreated the ecological balance. The paper questions the theory's feasibility and raises many unanswered questions.
From the Paper "The first question relates to how to increase plankton numbers. The options given involve fertilizing plankton the same way plants are fertilized. Chemicals essential for growth, such as nitrogen and iron, are dropped into the ocean. The article suggests this can be done by ship ?to essentially make up for their negative impact on the local environment.? The question that this leads to, is what impact this fertilizer will have on other sea life."
Abstract This paper begins by citing some statistics on carbon dioxide emission rates in the United States to demonstrate the need for changes in U.S. commuting policies and technologies. The paper then discusses two overall approaches that could be taken in order to cut the emissions of motor vehicles and suggests that these approaches are mutually supportive. The paper goes on to discuss the many environmental effects of carbon dioxide emissions and concludes with a warning of what will happen if the problem is not addressed.
From the Paper "National Research Council brought out a report in 1997 recommending that important changes in the U.S. commuting policies, technologies, and activities may turn essential to minimize emissions of the motor vehicles and the following hazard of global warming at the time of the consequent century. And due to the fact that commuting has its part in the society of the nation and economy, there needs to be a balance created in mobility and need for access of people as against the resources of the environment and natural resource requirements. The report has said that there are two overall advances which have to be taken into account in cutting of the emission of motor vehicles of the generally termed greenhouse gases in course of time."
Abstract This paper discusses that coal, oil and gas, which powered the Industrial Revolution and most of the technological advances over the last two centuries, have released enough heat-trapping "greenhouse gases" to change the global climate. The author points out that, even though carbon dioxide is a natural part of the Earth's atmosphere, which captures some of the energy of the sun's rays warming the planet, too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere creates too much warming. The paper suggests ways of better controlling carbon emissions such as not idling a car and driving one of the newer hybrids cars.
From the Paper "However, not everyone is convinced that the danger of global warming is real. For example, MIT meteorologist Richard Lindzen concedes that the planet is warming, and that at least part of the phenomenon is likely caused by burning carbon fuels, yet insists that the resulting climate changes will not deviate very much from natural fluctuations, and states firmly, "We'll adapt." Lindzen discounts the projections based on computer-generated climate models that warn of pervasive and unpleasant consequences if the planet continues to warm, noting that the models predict the current carbon dioxide levels will lead to a three-to-four degree centigrade rise in temperature, but so far "we've seen only a half-degree warming.""
Abstract In this article, the writer first explains that global warming is the increase in the average temperate of the air near the surface of the water bodies, which in turn result in climate changes. The writer points out that since increased population, fossil burning and deforestation has been on the rise, the mixture of gases in the atmosphere has been adversely affected. The writer notes that it is believed that the major factor in global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases which include; water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. The writer looks at the causes of global warming and then discusses the related outcome and consequences. The writer concludes that global warming is an international concern that attracts not only the attention of each person but also demands solutions from them since every individual at this generation would want to have his or her grandchildren and great grandchildren live in a wonderful environment.
This paper includes colour charts.
Outline:
Introduction
Causes of Global Warming
Outcome of Global Warming
The Atmosphere
Oceans and Seas
Land
Ice
Measurement of Global Warming
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations
Greenhouse Effect
Effects on Island Nation
Increased Temperatures
Sea Level Rise
Ocean Water PH
Extreme Weather Effects
Oceanic Circulation
Economic Effects
Environmental Impacts
Legal Address on Global Warming
How to Manage Global Warming
Conclusion
From the Paper "The most immediate consequence of high temperatures is an increase in the sea level at our oceans and seas. Precipitation is usually increased when the local temperatures rise triggering an increase in the evaporation rate. When this evaporation rate rises, more amount of water will be forming at the atmosphere resulting in more rainfall which then increases the sea level in a longer term. Also, when the high temperatures heat the water, it expands making it to occupy more volume. As the water in the water in the sea expand, additional water which was previously locked up in the land as glaciers enters the ocean since more space has been created as in the case of Antarctic sheets and Greenland. A glacier is a large sheet of ice that moves slowly. Most of the glaciers since 100 years ago have continued to melt. An example is in the island of Montana at the Montana Glacier National Park and researchers have concluded that it is due to global warming. Melting of glaciers also result in an increase in the sea level. In the past, every shore received two high tides and two low tides daily. But today, the high tides have increased in number making way for high waves and winds."
Abstract This paper provides a chemical perspective on the utilization of sunlight by plants for the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic matter, or photosynthesis. The author provides and explains the chemical equation of this process and explains how energy is converted from sunlight into a chemical form for plants to use as food. The paper also discusses briefly the greenhouse effect and suggests that it is possible that the science of chemistry may eventually provide an answer by arriving at some type of system or process which could effectively eliminate a good amount of the built-up carbon dioxide.
From the Paper "Generally speaking, the photosynthetic carbon cycle is made up of reactions concerned with the function and re-creation of the actual acceptor molecule reacting with carbon dioxide, assimilation and the photochemical reduction. These CO2 acceptors (5-carbon ribulose diphosphate) is created by condensation and hydrolises, while part of the primary carbohydrates go directly to stored sugars or starch. Through several other complicated chemical processes, the end-product is oxygen which is then released into the atmosphere for use by air-breathing animals."
Tags: greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide, energy conversion
Discusses dangers to environment of build-up of carbon dioxide in atmosphere, emission & exchange, statistics, impact of temperature increase and the future.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, 1989, $ 111.95
From the Paper " Scientists all over the world are growing increasingly concerned about the steady build.up of trace gases in the atmosphere. Presently, the most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide (CO2). This has been due primarily to the use of fossil fuels. Several studies have concluded that CO2 emissions may alter the radioactive balance of the earth, increasing the global temperature and dramatically changing global climate (Jager, "Floating" 6).
The "greenhouse theory," which states that increases in CO2 will warm the earth, was first developed by scientists before the turn of the century. This theory holds that CO2 and other "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere allow the sun's ultra.violet and visible radiation to penetrate and warm the earth, with the (...)"
Abstract This paper discusses the use of dental lasers. The paper identifies four types of lasers that are used in dentistry: carbon dioxide, Nd:YAG, argon, and holmium:YAG. Each type of laser is examined and explained through an extensive literature review. The paper contends that there are many benefits to the use of laser treatments in dental procedures.
Outline
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion
From the Paper "While lasers have become more widespread in the past decade, it did take the FDA a certain amount of time to approve their use for more than soft-tissue procedures. "For soft tissue surgery, lots of patients report less postoperative pain. There are sealed off nerve endings, so recovery is less painful," according to Marilyn Miller, D.M.D., co-director of the Princeton Dental Resource Center in Princeton, N.J. (Quoted by Lewis 1995 15+). Her observation, however, is that despite the gains in reduced pain, reduced fear and reduction in some of the immediate results of dental procedures, such as swelling, healing time may actually increase slightly because the laser seals off blood vessels that would otherwise help healing by delivering blood to the tissues more rapidly (Lewis 1995 15+)."
Abstract This paper studies the direct results of human pollution on the planet and asks whether these actions lead directly to global warming. The author explores the connection between the hole in the ozone layer and various forms of human pollution -- including the usage of fossil fuels, which generate carbon dioxide, and the destruction of forests. The author concludes that human behavior is clearly having a negative affect on the climate, and urges scientists to determine just how severe the impact will be -- sooner rather than later.
From the Paper "As time passes, it is being discovered by scientists that the twenty-first century may lead to climate changes and temperature increases unlike anything seen in recorded history. (Karl, 1999, p.101) The effects these climate changes may be unseen at first, and may in fact make some parts of the world slightly more pleasant for a short time, however the long terms effects of global warming are assumed to be very severe. (Karl, 1999, p.101)"
Abstract The paper discusses the two alternatives of nuclear power and hybrid cars; both being economical enough to impact real change and be accepted into the energy spectrum. However, nuclear power has far more impact and has a proven track record. For example, the paper explains how nuclear power currently accounts for 20% of America's energy production and produces no carbon-dioxide. Hybrid cars, to this point, have only been able to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% and improve gas mileage by 2-3 mpg. This type of effect is simply on too small a scale to be economically viable or have an impact on the environment. The paper concludes that nuclear power, which is reemerging as a power source ready to expand, is the more viable option to reduce CO2 emissions.
From the Paper "For years alternative energy sources have been a major controversy. The debate has influenced many other areas besides simply energy consumption. It has clearly impacted the economic, political, and social climates of countries around the world. Nuclear power and hybrid cars are two alternatives that have been economical enough to impact real change and be accepted into our energy spectrum. Both of these alternatives are environmentally conscious and are helping to reduce carbon-dioxide levels in the atmosphere; however, clearly one is of greater use in the fight against CO2. Nuclear power has and will continue to be the major clean fuel source in the US, despite the positive impact of hybrid automobiles."
Abstract The paper explains that timber is not only an important economic commodity, it also plays an important role in the ability of the earth to sustain life on our planet. The forest is an integral part of the soil cycle, water cycle and the removal of carbon dioxide from our air, yet the timber industry involves removing these vital trees. The paper explores how taxation would be an effective means to accomplish the goals of sustainable development in the forestry industry. The paper uses the Georgia Pacific as a case study for the application of the proposed changes in policy.
Outline:
Introduction
General Information
Strategy
Costs
Possible Complications
Conclusion
From the Paper "The timber industry is not to blame for these problems. Many of the timber companies have an active program in place to assure that they are following proper management practices including reforestation. Many have policies regarding the use of sustainable management practices such as select cutting, rather than clear cutting stands (Georgia Pacific 2006). Georgia Pacific is one of the biggest timber companies in the world and stands as an industry leader in the forestry products sector of the market. This company is an industry leader and as such has an important role in setting an example for other companies to follow. They have a social responsibility to carry out their harvests using the most ethical methods possible."
Tags: reforestation, carbon, dioxide, pollution, trees
Abstract This paper discusses the various sources of justifications to act against greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide, as two leading causes of an irrefutable trend toward global warming. The paper discusses the views of the critics and skeptics against taking these steps and then looks at the views of those in favor of the proposed actions against global warming.
From the Paper "When the great majority of scientists independently come to similar or supporting conclusions, however, it is usually a good bet that they are correct. It would appear that the over-whelming evidence supports the idea that we are experiencing global warming, that human activity is contributing to this warming and that we can't afford not to act. I would agree with Stevens that there is a wide range of opinions on how much impact global warming is having and on how much humans are contributing. From the articles I have read it seems that there is very little scientific evidence AGAINST the global warming scenario. Skeptics seem to be focusing on discrediting the global warming supporters, rather than proving that there is no warming or that no human impact exists."
Abstract This paper provides a detailed analysis of several gases and chemicals which are present in the air we breathe and how these are causing adverse effects on our health. It explains that air pollution created by humans is the most dangerous and discusses possible ways to reduce this phenomena.
Outdoor Air Pollution
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide Sulphur Dioxide Acid Aerosols
Particulates
Air Toxics
Carbon Monoxide
Lead
Asbestos
Asbestos: Health and Exposure
Potential Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Health
War: Detrimental Consequences and Air Pollution
War Gases
Classification of War Gases
Asphyxiants (Irrespirable Gases)
Sewer Gas
Emphysema
From the Paper "The air that surrounds us is a mixture of 78 percent nitrogen; 21 percent oxygen; less than 1 percent of carbon dioxide, argon, and other gases; and varying amounts of water vapor. Any other particles, gases or unoriginal constituents hanging in the air which are not part of its original composition are called "Pollutants" and this kind of air is called
Polluted Air. Even inhaling small amounts of such air pollutants can have serious effects on one's health and leads to environmental problems. We can see some air pollutants such as the reddish-brown haze in smog; however, other air pollutants, including some of the most dangerous, are invisible.
Air pollution can be natural or human-made. Air pollution occurs naturally during volcano eruptions, forest fires, or dust storms. This has been an occasional problem for humans. However, during the past hundred years, air pollution created by humans has become a major, persistent problem."
