Abstract
This paper examines Jean-Jacques Rousseau's work, "Discourse on a Subject Proposed by the Academy of Dijon: What is the Origin of Inequality Among Men, and is it Authorized by Natural Law?" The paper focuses on discussing Rousseau's social contract as the basis of his discussion and looks at the arguments that Rousseau puts forward.

From the Paper
"It appears that Rousseau does believe his social contract exists, but it is a device of a couple of other sources. The sources are both nature (innately) and culture (externally). This means that mankind has a mind and soul that determines our internal operations and innate behaviors. It is our inborn abilities and reactions. Mankind also has to conform to the external forces of culture in order to survive. This is where chaste systems, peer pressure, and other factors come into play.
The social contract started out appearing that Rousseau was wishing for living in a certain society, like it did not exist. However, as the social contract continued, it appears that his thinking was telling us why it existed. He definitely believes in combining the innate and external factors, though. Equality of mankind remains a steady factor throughout his social contract."

Tags:culture, nature, society

Abstract
This paper examines Article 28, while appearing relatively clear on first reading, has proved problematic and therefore produced a string of case law and discussion, which continues on today. It looks at how, in order to define the term "measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction", (MEQR) one needs to trace the problems and decisions arising from this issue and discusses it in three different sections. It begins with the definition of an MEQR as it stood in the cases prior to Keck and Directive 70/50 and then explores the changes created by the decision in Keck and other cases which followed this judgment. Finally, it examines decisions post Keck and the fact that they have largely regressed to the decisions taken before this case.

From the Paper
"MEQR's can essentially be split into two categories; those that directly or indirectly discriminate against imported goods, and those that are "indistinctly applicable" to the sphere of Article 28. In the former category, one of the bigger decisions is that of Dassonville , which continued to be used in many subsequent cases. The case concerned a Belgian law stating goods bearing a designation of origin must be accompanied by a certificate from the government of the exporting country certifying their right to that designation. Dassonville were a French company who exported Scotch Whiskey and they appealed that it would be very difficult for third party exporters to obtain such a certificate in respect of goods already in free circulation in the third country. The ECJ upheld the Dassonville appeal, stating that the law would impose a greater burden on those seeking to import goods into Belgium, and would therefore hinder free movement, and is consequently a MEQR as prohibited by the Treaty."

Tags:cassis, commission, dassonville, dijon, keck, rewe, supremacy