Abstract Presented in a graph form, this paper provides great detail about the digestive systems of the smallest of creatures in the "kingdom animalia". It explains how lysosome produces a digestive enzyme to breakdown bigger molecules of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, into simple protein, monosaccharides and fatty acid to send to cytoplasm for the cell's life, then converted into energy for cell growth.
From the Paper "The higher phyla, starting from Cnidaria develops extracellular digestive system as well as it develops into radial body symmetry. Cnidarian possess incomplete gastrovascular cavity, tube-like digestive system in which water and other smaller organisms are transported in. Such organism like hydra has digestive layer called gastrodermis, which excretes digestive enzymes to assimilate food. This system is also adapted by Platyhelminthes, which also has similar gastrovascular cavity, mouth without anus."
Abstract This paper answers a number of questions relating to the human digestive system. The topics covered include the structure of the digestive system, its function and its physiology.
From the Paper "The mucosa is the innermost lining of the digestive tract. In some regions the surface is folded to increase surface area. The mucosa contains different types of cells that secrete mucus digestive enzymes and hormones. Ducts from other glands penetrate the mucosa to open into the lumen. In the stomach and intestines the epithelium is simple columnar for secretion and absorption, but in the mouth and anus, where protection against abrasion, is required the epithelium is stratified squamous. "
Presents a brief overview of the digestive system and then focuses specifically on a detailed discussion of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas and the functions they play within the digestive system.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, 2006, $ 44.95
Abstract When most individuals think of the digestive system, they think of those organs within the alimentary canal: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Organs that serve other purposes within the human body such as the gallbladder, liver and pancreas receive attention, but not in relation to their purpose as part of the accessory group of organs associated with the digestive tract. This paper presents a detailed discussion on these accessory organs limited to their purpose within the digestive tract.
From the Paper "Imholtz (n.d.) tells us that accessory organs of the digestive tract are those that assist the digestive process but are organs of which no food passes through. Tamarkin (2006) comments that the major accessory organs such as the pancreas, gallbladder and liver have function other than those for digestion, but within the digestive system, they are considered exocrine glands that secrete fluids into ducts."
Abstract This paper provides a thorough explanation of the human digestive system and the process by which we digest our food. The paper discusses how the human digestive system is an intriguing mechanism involving different organs and enzymes in a complex mechanical and biochemical processes. The paper goes on to name and explain each process.
Outline:
Thesis
Introduction
The Saliva
The Stomach (Chemical and mechanical Breakdown)
The Small Intestine (Enzymatic Breakdown and Absorption)
Absorption of Nutrients
Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Conclusion
From the Paper "A brief description of the structure of the stomach would help in gaining a better understanding of this important organ. The stomach is divided into four regions namely the Cardia, fundus, the body, and the pylorus. The stomach has two openings namely the cardiac orifice, which connects with the esophagus, and the pyloric orifice on its lower end, which leads to the duodenum. The fundus is the curved up area that extends above the cardiac orifice. The body or the intermediate region is the largest part of the stomach, which gradually leads to the pyloric portion that connects to the small intestine via the pyloric aperture. The stomach wall is composed of four different layers. The innermost layer is the mucosa. The mucosa is made up of gastric glands and gastric pits and secretes around 2 litres of gastric juice per day. This gastric juice is made up of HCL, protease (pepsin) and lipase. Parietal cells of the mucosa secrete hydrochloric acid. The goblet cells in the gastric pits that line the mucosa secrete mucus, producing the mucosal barrier that prevents the strong digestive acid from corroding the mucosa. [MSU]"
Abstract Digestion consists of a physical and chemical breakdown of food. Because of the complexity and large size of the digestive system, diseases that can interfere with the body system are numerous and varied in their modes of transmission, their symptoms, their treatments, and their possible short-term and long-term effects. This paper focuses on three such diseases: Cirrhosis of the liver (caused by viral Hepatitis), hookworm disease (caused by hookworms), and cholera (caused by Vibrio cholerae). Each disease is examined in turn, its symptoms and its treatment. The diseases are summarized in a table at the end of the paper.
From the Paper "The large size of the digestive system, along with the diverse group of organs associated with it; prevent the presentation of one specific defense mechanism against diseases. Depending on which organ the disease tends to focus on, the body reacts uniquely for that organ. However, the most definitive action taken against digestive system diseases are regulations and standards for living conditions. Many diseases that affect the digestive system relate directly to food, and undercooked food, mishandled food, and poor sanitation conditions are common factors in someone contracting a digestive system illness."
Abstract This paper describes and discusses the mechanism of the digestive system. It looks at the different organs and enzymes that are involved in the complex mechanical and biochemical processes of digestion. The paper focuses on the roles of saliva, the stomach and the small intestines. It then looks at the absorption of nutrients, vitamins and minerals.
Table of Contents:
Thesis
Introduction
The Saliva
The Stomach (Chemical and mechanical Breakdown)
The Small Intestine (Enzymatic Breakdown and Absorption)
Absorption of Nutrients
Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Conclusion
From the Paper "The human digestive system is an intriguing mechanism involving different organs and enzymes in a complex mechanical and biochemical processes. Starting from the mouth and ending in the small intestine, the entire digestive mechanism is highly evolved and controlled by involuntary reflex actions that are triggered at every point by particular stimulus factors. While the stomach is the place where the main part of digestion begins, it is the small intestine where the final breakdown of respective ingredients occurs. The small intestine is also the region through which the finely broken down substances are absorbed back into the blood stream or the lymphatic system. The entire digestive process and the activities inside the alimentary canal offer an interesting peep into the amazing world of biochemical processes and cellular biomechanics."
Abstract This paper examines the nervous and digestive systems of reptiles, emphasizing their main characteristics and briefly compare them to the nervous and digestive systems at other vertebrates including humans. The author points out that the anatomical characteristics of the reptile's nervous system, such as the position of the brain or the spinal cord, resemble closely those of the human and higher vertebrates; the reptilian nervous system has developed to provide the best adaptation of the reptiles' necessities, with emphasis on sight, smell and motor functions. The paper relates that birds and reptiles are the only vertebrates to have the cloacae chamber, the removal system of the body, is where the faeces is discharged; the urodaeum receives the urogenital tract ducts and the proctodaeum acts as a common collecting area prior to evacuation.
From the Paper "As such, the reptilian nervous system is formed of two different components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is composed of all nervous tissues and structures that do not actually belong to the CNS. As at other vertebrates, the brain, constituent part of the central nervous system, is protected by the skull. The bones forming the skull similarly have names such as parietal and occipital, which also form the human skull, for example."
Abstract This paper looks at the different parts of the human body and their functions. The systems reviewed and explained are: respiratory, circulatory, digestive, renal, reproduction, muscular, skeletal, endocrine, blood and nervous.
From the Paper "The body consists of a number of different systems which work together and function as a whole. These include ..."
Abstract This paper looks at the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and carbohydrate digestion and absorption. The paper also outlines the problems posed by the breakdown of nutrients in the body.
From the Paper "The problems posed by nutrients are breaking down the food products which contain them and getting them into the circulation for distribution to the parts of the body where they can be used. Food first enters the mouth where it is broken down by the teeth and partially dissolved by the saliva. It is then passed through the pharynx and down the esophagus to the stomach where digestion begins. The churning actions of the stomach wall break down food particles and hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen to produce the..."
Tags: nutrient absorption, carbohydrate digestion and absorption
Abstract This paper provides an explanation of the evolutionary development of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, sensory, and integumentary systems of phylum chordata. Comparisons between the systems various classes of phylum chordata are made, and the evolutionary advantages of the higher classes are highlighted. The paper is also accompanied with relevant diagrams and figures.
Outline:
Circulatory System
Evolution of the Heart
Piscine Heart
Amphibian and Reptilian Hearts
Avian and Mammalian Hearts
Respiratory System
Respiration in Agnatha and Chondrichthyes (Gills)
Respiration in Osteichthyes (Gills)
Respiration in Amphibians (Gills, Skin, Lungs)
Respiration in Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals (Lungs)
Digestive System
General Trends in Evolution of the Digestive System
Ruminant Stomach
Avian Gizzard
Sensory System
Usage of Olfactory System and Usage of Visual System
Prevertebrates: An Introduction
Anamniotes
Amniotes
Integumentary System
Anamniotes
Amniotes
From the Paper "One of the most fascinating developments made by the vertebrates was the heart. The complex and efficient four-chambered pumping mechanism possessed by mammals and birds evolved from what was only a muscular artery in protochordates. The heart itself is a specialized muscle responsible for circulating blood through the blood-vascular network. Marine protochordates possessed little more than a muscular region near the base of the aorta because, virtually anywhere on their bodies, they were capable of exchanging O2 and CO2 through their relatively thin skin. When scales and thicker skin emerged, however, this capability was lost, and respiration was localized in the pharyngeal region. An effective pumping device was required, and thus, the heart evolved."
Abstract The following paper attempts to show that people enjoy Shakespeare for a variety of reasons. It shows how some people are used to enjoying the amount of Shakespeare a filmmaker can fit into a two hour film, while others enjoy reading it in full. In this essay the writer attempts to show that, whether on film or in print, anyone who enjoys Shakespeare knows that imagination is key to enjoying it.
From the paper:
"But there are differences between the choices of experiencing Shakespeare. With a book, you can pause and come back to it later; you can digest it at your own pace. You can also reread certain passages and study the text more intensely than you can actors in a film. A lot of Shakespeare's speeches state the same thing several ways, so that the audience at a live performance can catch what's going on. When reading that speech, you can enjoy the entire thing without worrying about keeping up".
Abstract A paper detailing the war that ravaged the Balkans in the early 1990?s, which uncovers the humanity of an extraordinarily patriotic population of that land and the incredible suffering endured by them.
From the paper:
"Often our lives are difficult and too busy for us to be able to digest all the information that comes our way every day. Consequently, more often than not, we tend to overlook information that, we feel, does not directly impact us. Even when we do pay attention, the information is presented so matter-of-factly that it frequently leaves us emotionless, unaffected, and therefore unmoved to act.
While Bosnian Muslims and Croats cried out for help, the world stood quietly by and did practically nothing to deal with the main cause of their suffering - the ravaging warfare."
Tags: balkans, bosnia, cleansing, croatia, ethnic, mostar, muslims, race, religion, sarajevo, violence, war, yugoslavia
Abstract The author presents an extensive report on cystic fibrosis, its causes, treatments and future. Despite much research, the cause of cystic fibrosis has baffled the medical community. Recently the genetic link and mapping of cystic fibrosis has been pursued with some success. Many aspects of the disease including the enzyme treatments that are currently being studied, are presented.
From the Paper "It is the leading genetic killing disease in the nation with 30,000 Americans having it currently. It is not particular about gender and strikes males and females equally often. It is also not picky about what race it affects, though studies indicate that there are more white people with the disease than there are other races with it. "
This paper discusses various children's stories from the Victorian period and shows how these stories were used to illustrate Victorian ideals and values that they wished to instill in their children.
Abstract This research paper examines children's books from the second half of the nineteenth century. It examines the overt and covert control that these works exercised, and continue to exercise, over their readers. This paper also describes the language that Victorian writers used in children's books to shape the actions, behavior and beliefs of their child readers, and the strategies they employed to persuade their readers to digest their messages.
From the Paper "Many examples of Victorian literature adopt an authoritarian control over the children. Alice is framed as a conventional children's story, from which we would expect advice, guidance and the like. Yet our expectations remain unfulfilled, for Carroll refuses to adopt a position of authority, or to invest with authority any character in the story, except perhaps Alice herself, which seems hardly acceptable by Victorian standards. However, no character in Alice is in the least 'sincere'; arguably, not even Carroll is sincere, given the apparent gap between the introductory poem and the contents of the fiction. Carroll's subversion of speech acts and the language of control operates throughout the book."
Abstract A definition of nutrition is provided and an examination of the factors which influence healthy eating and good nutrition. The paper also looks at the different food elements and their nutritional values. The health benefits of good nutrition is also examined - physical and mental health. Long term health effects are also mentioned relating to one's diet and physical exercise routine.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. What is Nutrition?
B. Good Nutrition
C. Important Food Elements
II. NUTRITION FOR A HEALTHY MIND AND BODY
A. Benefits of Good Nutrition
B. Nutrition for a Healthy Body
C. Nutrition for a Healthy Mind
D. Nutrition for the Future
III. CONCLUSION
From the Paper "The most basic definition of nutrition is ?the science of how food nourishes the body". (Null) Still, nutrition is a very broad and complex subject. The food we eat must go through many changes before our bodies can use it for nutrition. Nutrition includes the physical act of eating, digesting and absorbing nutrients.
"Nutrition is the process that living things take in food and use it. Plants can be nourished by air, water and sunshine. But human beings have much more complicated needs. Our nutrition may be good or poor, depending on the food we eat."
