Abstract
This paper discusses the differences in perception and use of time between cultures. Although time carries with it different aspects and holds different values, it is constrained and used as a tool to constrain the actions of the individual for the betterment of a society. The author of this paper concludes that from the constraints of time there are rewards and punishments to allow a society to control individual behavior.

Outline:
Introduction
Sources
Analysis
Perception of time of each culture
The reason for time
Cultural valuations of time
Nature, event and clock time
Linear and Monochronic Time
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Culture can be defined as a shared behavior--a behavior that unites people together in their actions and allows them to co-exist with each other--of course this is not to say that there are not rewards and punishments for helping the group to be functional or not co-operating with the group at all. Time then is a way in which a group (society) maintains a certain amount of functionality by exercising the constraints of time on everybody in the group. Those who do not work within these constraints of time cause chaos within the subsets in the group. Each culture has its own definition of time constraints--many European countries have siesta in the afternoon, in areas if the US where the heat in the summer is well over 100 degrees people schedule their days so they won't be out doing physically labor during the hottest part of the afternoon and in the United Kingdom they have tea time which is different than the traditional American supper time. The concept of time is one way that a culture is defined."

Tags:clock, efficiency, scheduling, stereotypes

Abstract
This paper outlines the significant differences between the genders with regard to drug abuse. The paper looks at the differences in all aspects of drug use, including why they seek out drugs, who they get drugs from, the types of drugs used, the level of dependence, and the degree of relapse.

From the Paper
"Drug addiction, in women and men, is a disease that has become an epidemic in America and around the world. However, there are significant gender differences in regards to drug abuse, and associated behaviors. Much research exists to show that women and men vary drastically with respect to the circumstances surrounding their initial drug use, the specific types of drugs they grow dependent upon, the level of dependence, and the ability they have to seek treatment for their addiction. From the first time a member of either sex uses drugs until they seek treatment, quit, or relapse, females and males exhibit extreme differences in their behavior."

Tags:illicit, illegal, approached, offered, smoking, drinking, substance, abuse, sedatives

Abstract
This paper argues that there are scientifically provable differences between the brains of men and women. Specifically, the paper explores how the brains of men and women evolve over time. It also considers how men and women have different intellectual competencies. Lastly, evidence provided by Doreen Kimura suggest that boys and girls differ in their levels of aggression because they really do have minds shaped by widely divergent hormones.

From the Paper
"The next several pages will argue that there really are scientifically provable differences between the brains of men and women. Specifically, the paper will explore how the brains of men and women evolve (atrophy) over time, and the paper will also look at how men and women have different intellectual competencies - differences which, broadly stated, suggest that men are better in the realm of mathematics and mathematical logic while women are better in the realm of language arts and visual memory. Lastly, evidence provided by Doreen Kimura suggest that boys and..."

Tags:men, women, differences

Abstract
In this essay, the writer provides a critique of Ann Moir and David Jessel's article, which is provocatively entitled "The Differences". The writer notes that the differences to which these two authors allude are the differences that they claim exist between women's and men's brains. The writer points out that according to Moir and Jessel, it is an irrefutable scientific fact that women's and men's brains differ substantially, and moreover that this is reflected in their vastly different aptitudes, interests and abilities. The writer discusses that the authors take issue with what they clearly see as a politically correct vogue of denying that such differences exist, and urge readers to simply accept the differences as a fact of biology. The writer maintains that in so doing, they implicitly attempt to negate much of the work done by feminists to date, and arguably contribute to the backlash against feminism.

From the Paper
"In addition, given the misogyny that lurks just below the surface of this article, it is hard to believe that the authors did not have the deliberate intent of countering the feminist movement. The misogyny is evidenced for example by the fact that Gustave Le Bon's statement that many women's brains are closer in size to those of gorillas than those of men is quoted without censure, indeed, with tacit approval, as the authors then immediately go on to imply that we are in a devastating social revolution due to the fact that women are stupidly refusing to accept their inferiority. And the fact that one of the authors is a woman should not distract us from the charge of misogyny - sadly, the ranks of women also have their share of Uncle Tom's."

Tags:intelligence, female, male, scientific

Abstract
The writer of this paper shows that World War I is the same war as previous wars only in the idealistic sense and that it is also the last ancient war. Realistically, it is different from every other war. It discusses how, in this war, technology changed everything. War is no longer personal. It explains that it was not ancient in terms of military tactics, but ancient in its sense of purpose.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most gruesome war in the history of the modern world, World War I is a shining display of human greed for power and control and the kind of vicious means that men will seek to fulfill their ends. Overall, millions of lives were lost on both the German and Allied sides. Yet, the most ironic thing is the fact that nothing was really accomplished from all the bloodshed and tyranny of WWI, for it would be less than 30 years later when Nazi Germany under the maniacal rule of Adolph Hitler would come to power and once again pose a threat to the rest of the world. It is for this reason that some believe that WWI was a distillation and continuation of all wars that have occurred in the past. This statement would seem to coincide with Chris Hedges' opinion that: "We urge young men to war, making the slaughter they are asked to carry out a rite of passage. And this rite has changed little over the centuries, centuries in which there has almost continuously been a war raging somewhere on the planet" (Hedges 10)."

Tags:illiad, henry, trojan

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the concepts of gender, femininity and masculinity are all socially constructed, in that they cannot be concretely defined in absolute terms. The writer notes that there are numerous examples within the literature to explain how the genders differ, but there are very few to no differences that show conclusively that these differences are natural, or innate. The writer maintains that gender is a social construct, and as such, society has also constructed the differences between the genders. At the level of society at large, gender operates to govern over the relations among groups and the access to resources. At an interacting level between individuals, gender allows us to categorize individuals based on their gender and to derive differences based on these categories. The writer discusses that as such, gender is a self-fulfilling prophecy, along with any and all proposed differences that exist between the genders. The writer concludes that in reality, however, the majority of gender differences, if not all of them, are socially constructed and do not exist innately.

From the Paper
"Thus, instead of being mutually exclusive constructs, it is now accepted that an individual can be high in both femininity and masculinity. Thus, with the ability of humans to span the spectrums of masculinity and femininity within their own identity and behaviour, it becomes quite clear that there really are very few characteristics, which can be deemed inherently masculine or feminine. In fact, it's quite arguable that there are no such characteristics.
"The differences that exist between masculinity and femininity are all produced by societal definitions. Society defines femininity and masculinity to be nearly polar opposites, but societal definitions do not force any one individual to become either feminine or masculine based on their natural biological sex. Thus, to find any true differences between the genders it is necessary to go beyond socially constructed concepts and to look at actually physical differences, besides the obvious."

Tags:men, women, identity, behavior, social, environments

Abstract
The paper is a study of grieving behaviour between men and women. The paper states that there has been relatively little research on the ways in which biological differences between men and women interact with the psychological/sociocultural influences relevant to bereavement. This paper correlates these two areas of research into a biopsychological model by examining disruption in biological regulatory processes following traumatic events and the significance of these events for physical and psychological functioning as they differ between males and females.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Cultural Differences in Grieving
Gender Differences in Grieving
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The psychological correlates specific to twin and sibling loss have been less well studied by bereavement researchers than those associated with parental, child, and spousal loss. Some analyses have, however, underlined the impact of twin and sibling loss as significant and enduring (Bank & Kahn, 1982; Segal, Wilson, Bouchard, & Gitlin, 1995). Increased focus on opposite-sex twins and siblings promises to yield informative findings of both theoretical and practical significance with respect to gender differences in grief, as well as differences in age at loss and cause of death. Greater attention to personality characteristics, the previous sibling relationship, and life crises that may have preceeded the death is also needed."

Tags:grief, culture, sorrow, distress

Abstract
A paper about sports history, a comparison between ancient sports and modern sports of today. The author looks at aspects such as the sports played, how they were played, their technological differences and how their symbolic and societal meanings differ.

From the Paper
"Sports in the ancient world had their similarities to modern sports, but there are a few differences as well. In modern sports, there is more attention to detail when preparing fields for play, but nonetheless there are numerous amounts of workers who prepare the fields that athletes play on. In modern sports, nearly every sport has their schedules devised much before the season even begins. Although not all sports had officials at that time, there were people who kept order. In ancient sports, there were no records that were kept of ongoing statistics. Without role players, teams could not play to their optimum levels at all times."

Tags:baseball, games, greek, history, players, pythian, roman

Abstract
This paper discusses the reasons behind the fact that many firms and industries pay their workers more than others, even when those workers occupy similar jobs.

From the Paper
"To understand why wages often differ among employees in similar jobs, one must understand the theory of equalizing differentials. This theory states that in competitive labor markets, workers with similar skills working in similarly attractive jobs and locations should receive similar compensation. Long-run wage differentials are explained by differences in skill and job disamenities with a single wage conditional on worker and job attributes. Despite this, in some firms and industries, workers are paid more than others even for similar jobs. There are a..."

Tags:unions, pay schemes, multi-wage scale, perfect labor market, employees, profit maximization

Abstract
The paper explores what the British parties believe in and their future plans. Ideologies of the Conservative Party, Labor Party and Liberal Democrats are examined in detail.

From the Paper
"Labor has set out a clear series of principles concerning constitutional reform. Some of these policies have been carried out, while others remain merely plans. These plans lie at the heart of the Labor manifesto, and political commentator Anatole Kaletsky once said that if "Tony Blair were run over by a bus tomorrow, he would remembered by only one event: the transformation of the British constitution." Tony Blair certainly set out a series of ambitious targets when he got into power in 1997. Their most distinct achieved in this field is their reform of the House of Lords. In 1999, they removed the right of hereditary peers to sit and vote in this House (with the exception of 92 "transition" hereditary peers), leaving 527 life peers, 26 Bishops, and 27 Lords. Following recommendations from Lord Wakeham in 2000, the government set out a white paper deciding the future of the House of Lords. Under Blair's proposals, the remaining 92 hereditary peers are to go, and the introduction of more life peers will be abolished. Also, the size of the House will be reduced to 600, with twenty percent directly elected, and fifty-five percent nominated by each political party, according to its share of the General Election vote. There will be at least 12 Law Lords, and only 16 Church of England bishops. The Lords would also their power to block delegation, and would only be able to delay for three months. However, it must be stated that this is merely a white paper, and carrying out the plans would be extremely difficult. Therefore, it is fair to suggest that the proposals face an uncertain future."

Tags:england, parliament, politics, United, Kingdom