Abstract
This paper discusses and compares the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy of two 20th century poems - Frank O'Hara's "Homosexuality" and Stephen Dobyns' "Counterparts." The paper uses these poems to show how a dichotomous conception of Apollo and Dionysus is rather limiting from the standpoint of literary analysis. It discusses how considering the intertwining of Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies is the only way we can adequately grasp a poet's mythical conception of the universe.

From the Paper
"At first glance, O'Hara's poem seems to have nothing whatsoever to do with the subject of homosexuality. As one penetrates below the surface of the poem, however, it becomes readily obvious that, without making any explicit references to homosexual practices, "Homosexuality" is in fact an homage to the Dionysian celebration of life that has traditionally been an integral part of the gay lifestyle. Dionysus has traditionally been aligned with the idea of joyful excess, drunken revelry, and, in art and literature, formlessness. The speaker in the poem feels unable to contain his own soul, and so he lets it drift off and intends to follow it on its unpredictable journey."

Tags:lifestyle, homosexuality, tone, structure

Abstract
This paper discusses the theme of the dichotomy between appearance and reality, and how it is an old and crucial theme throughout literature. The paper explores the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe and Charlotte Perkins Gilman to demonstrate this theme operating in different ways.

Abstract
This paper examines and compares the basic elements, theories, and methods of cultural ecology and human behavioral ecology and discusses how the articles fit in their respective paradigms and within cultural ecology at large.

From the Paper
"In any field of study, researchers operate under paradigms: often unnoticed scientific world-views that shape which data the researcher collects, how he/she collects it, and what conclusions he/she draws from that data. Two paradigms in the field of cultural ecology include classificatory cultural ecology, exemplified by Tappers and trappers: parallel process in acculturation (Murphy & Steward) and human behavioral ecology, as in Optimal diet breadth theory as a model to explain variability in Amazonian hunting (Hames and Vickers). Both of these articles study indigenous Amazonian populations, but each from a different paradigm and thus with different methods and results. Through a comparison of these two articles, this paper will explore the differences and similarities of these two paradigms and how the paradigms the researchers worked under shaped their studies."

Tags:behavioral, biology, human, paradigm, biology, amazon, indigenous, diet, similar, culture, trade, acculturaization

From the Paper
" In Greek mythology, Apollo represents an aspect of the Greek ideal and a characteristic element of Greek civilization--the perpetually vigorous and graceful young man, contrasted with his half-brother Dionysus. Dionysus is the wild and enthusiastic zealot, while Apollo is calm and orderly, balancing vigor and reason. The Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy is found expressed in literature both before the time of the Greek Golden Age and after, suggesting that there is something elementary and even primal in the pairing.

Dionysus was the central figure in a major cult of the Greek world, a cult that would have a long-term influence in mythology, religion, and literature. Dionysus was a pan-Hellenic god who was widely celebrated throughout the Archaic period and honored at dramatic contests with tragedies and comedies. His was also.."

Abstract
This paper examines Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre" and William Makepeace Thackeray's "Vanity Fair" and shows the tendency of so many authors to categorize women as either angels or devils. It explains that women are depicted as either virgins or whores, redemptive, chaste maternal figures or lethal harpies who destroy innocent men through their sexuality and the authors of these novels present us with fairly unambiguous examples of these two archetypes " or stereotypes " of women.

From the Paper
"The essential nature of femininity " for both Eyre and Thackeray present us with characters meant to demonstrate the true and fundamental nature of both men and women " is spelled out in these novels in terms of romantic love. For we cannot, in the worlds presented to us in these novels, truly understand the nature of the female characters without seeing them reflected in the eyes of male characters. This is especially true in the case of Jane Eyre. To understand the ways in which women can serve evil ends or good, the reader is asked to examine the pairings and sunderings of various characters and to determine, in the end, if the final couplings are in fact happy ones. Lying behind this question " which may be rather simplistically summarized as will the hero and the heroine indeed live happily ever after with each other " are ideas about the nature of love, the position of the individual in society, and the importance."

Tags:women, woman, female, feminist, literature, image, classification, bronte, jane, eyre, thackery, vanity, fair

Abstract
This paper reviews part of the vast literature exploring the dichotomy of our gender system as a means of disrupting a paradigm that can no longer be upheld. It begins by evaluating a feminist reading of ancient philosophy that purports to show that the male/female dichotomy is analogous to the philosophical mind/body split. It then shows how such a dichotomy can be readily shattered in the case of intersexual infants and how such instances, as they manifest themselves in the real world, effectively show that the gender dichotomy is a social construct. The paper then explores gender's intersections with key issues of sexuality, as they emerge in the work of such authors as J. Butler and E.K. Sedgwick. Finally, the paper looks at the autobiographical narratives of a number of women who have had lived experience of the problems posed by the gender dichotomy.

From the Paper
"While Spelman argues against the conceptualization of women as being on the inferior end of the mind/body dichotomy, she nevertheless ends her argument by asserting that the mind/body split can still be a useful intellectual paradigm. This conclusion is shattered by the analysis of such writers as Fausto-Sterling (2000). Fausto-Sterling explores the subject of intersexuality - that is, infants who are born with ambiguous genitalia that poses a direct threat to the socially constructed norms of gender. These infants are neither female nor male, and often become the subject of corrective surgeries at a young age to "normalize" their bodies and transform them into one of the properly (i.e. socially) defined genders. "

Tags:male, female, intersexual

Abstract
A discussion of religious iconography as it relates to the Catholic Queens of England, Elizabeth I. and Hamlet?s Gertrude. This paper contains a discussion of the virgin-whore dichotomy as it relates to the depictions of the Catholic Queens of England and Elizabeth I. in comparison to Gertrude. It also deals with an interesting change in religious iconization as England made its movement in support of the Protestant faith. The argument defines and discusses three areas in which queens are compared to religious icons and how their success and failure in these areas establishes their places in the virgin-whore dichotomy.

From the Paper
"To give the queen the desired position in the dichotomy as the virgin, queens were often equated with religious icons, making their legacies almost saintly. These images of holiness defined both the queen's positions in the monarchy and the standards to which the future queens were held. After the fall of Catholicism in England, the iconizsation of the queen changed. Elizabeth in particular wasn't associated by allegory alone to the Virgin Mary, but rather became the Virgin Mother of England in body as well as by allegory. This strengthened both her political position and her position in the virgin-whore dichotomy of the time. By comparing Queen Elizabeth, who was seen as a saintly, virginal figure, to Shakespeare's character Gertrude, who was seen as lusty and betraying, the major virgin-whore dichotomy of the Elizabethan and post-Elizabethan age can be exemplified."

Tags:queen, royalty, protestantism

Abstract
This paper discusses how the characters and the city of Savannah in John Berendt's "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil" exhibit dichotomy. The paper maintains the dichotomies that pervade the novel are used to reinforce the mystery that remains behind in the wake of James Williams' shooting of Danny Hansford.

From the Paper
"In John Berendt's Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil we are pulled into a murder mystery in Savannah. The title of the book is important as is the statue in the garden that graces its cover ..."

Tags:hustler, drag queen, slavery, blacks, southerners, sex, Berendt, Savannah

Abstract
This paper discusses the characters of John and Jane in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper." The paper shows how the characters can be seen to represent a clear dichotomy of practicality and imagination. The paper gives examples from the book to illustrate this theme of practicality and imagination coexisting in a state of a fragile balance.

From the Paper
"Whether or not these two opposite interests exist within the same mind or within the same house, the message is relatively clear. This message is that practicality and imagination coexist in a state of a fragile balance. If that balance is disrupted and one side begins to win over other in a dramatic fashion then a serious struggle will ensue. Both traits must give way to the wisdom of the other without overwhelming it--very much like the classic yin-yang symbol. If only Jane were allowed to write, it could have operated as a release valve in her mind. Just as a hyperactive child will run himself ragged and collapse into a sleeping heap when the energy has run its course, imagination will eventually be spent and the capabilities of practicality will resume. "The Yellow Wallpaper" shows us that this is not a reciprocal process, however, and that practicality must allow the hyperactive child of imagination run wild on occasion or else it will lead to spontaneous mental combustion."

Tags:mutual, harmony, repression

Abstract
This paper is a review of Bengt-Erik Borgstrom's article "The Way the World is Going: The Society-Nature Dichotomy in Development Rhetorics." The focus is on definitions of eco-development.